<p>Kamatero  is a suburb northwest of Athens, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Agioi Anargyroi-Kamatero, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located about 8 kilometres north of Athens city centre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Antiquity</h3><br>
<p>Although the oldest known archaeological finds in Kamatero date to the 4th century BC, the area west of Athens is known to have been inhabited since at least the Bronze Age. Specifically, a Mycenaean tholos tomb has been found in the neighbouring municipality of Acharnai. In classical times, the area of modern Kamatero was under the authority of the polis of Athens. According to Traill, the area of Kamatero was the location of the ancient deme of Eupyridae.</p><br>
<p>Possibly the oldest archaeological find in Kamatero is an ancient wall on the ridge of Mt. Aigaleos above the modern settlement. As described by McCredie, Thus, McCredie considers it likely that the Kamatero wall also dates to the 4th or 3rd century BC.</p><br>
<h3>Medieval and Ottoman era</h3><br>
<p>The place name Kamatero does not appear in any Byzantine records. However, it has been proposed that the name of the settlement derives from the prominent Byzantine Kamateros family. Proponents of this theory fail to identify a specific member of the family after whom the settlement would have been named; for instance, according to Sarris, the placename is derived "from a Byzantine family name by some Kamateros". He notes that similar place names exist in Rhodes (Kamateri) and Salamis (Kamatero), noting especially of the latter that it is a location known for its infertile ground. Thus, he concludes that the place name is derived from a property of the soil, as opposed to the house of Kamateros. To reinforce his position, Fourikis notes that (as previously noted) the place name Kamatero is not attested in any Byzantine era documents. He concedes however that the placename may possibly be derived from a modern family name Kamateros, which may in its turn be Byzantine in origin.</p><br>
<p>There is little that can be said about Kamatero, as separate from the rest of Attica, during the medieval and Ottoman era. One thing of note is that, starting from some point in time that is difficult to establish with certainty, and lasting up until the modern era, the Greek language was supplanted by Arvanitic as the primary means of communication in Kamatero (as well as the surrounding areas). This is supported by census data from the 19th and 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h3>From the Greek War of Independence and through the 19th century</h3><br>
<p>The first known reference to the settlement, using the name Kamatero, is from the Memoirs of General Makrygiannis, written in the 19th century. The settlement is mentioned in connection to the Battle of Kamatero, which took place in 1827, at which time a village by that name was already extant in the area. The battle itself was part of the Greek War of Independence, and ended in a Turkish victory, largely due to a poor choice of terrain by one of the Greek commanders, Vasos Mavrovouniotis. It was also the only engagement in the war of Colonel Denis Bourbaki, who was beheaded by the Turks after the engagement. The outcome of the battle had considerable impact on the course of the siege of the Acropolis then ongoing by the Turks.</p><br>
<p>After Greek independence, and during the reign of King Otto, Kamatero is first mentioned in a royal decree of 1836, proclaiming it a part of the municipality of Chastia. In 1840, by a new royal decree, it was made part of the municipality of Fyli. as a settlement of 29 households and 123 people, producing grain and wine.</p><br>
<p>Kamatero exhibited a steady growth of population during this period. It is mentioned as being inhabited by 103 people in 1846. As already noted, it is described in 1853 as having a population of 123. This trend continued throughout the rest of the century: the population rose to 246 by 1889 and 264 by 1896.</p><br>
<p>As has been noted, the main language spoken in Kamatero up until World War II was Arvanitic. This is further reinforced by the 1879 census, according to which, in the municipality of Acharnai, to which Kamatero still belonged at the time, out of a total of 3,415 people, 2,711 did not speak Greek.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The 1907 census confirms the continued strong presence of Arvanitic in the area of Kamatero in the early 20th century. According to this, in the municipality of Acharnai (of which Kamatero still formed part), of a total of 5,853 people, 3,577 spoke Greek, 2,272 spoke Albanian, and 4 spoke another language. The great increase in the proportion of Greek speaking people however, as compared to the 1879 census, is notable. In addition, the 1907 census also confirmed the continued increase of the population: by 1907, it had risen to 285.</p><br>
<p>There is a World War II era description of Kamatero in the book 21 Battalion, by author J. Cody. The 21st Battalion was a New Zealand infantry battalion temporarily stationed in Kamatero in spring 1941. The description given by the author is of a "pleasant tree-studded area". It is repeatedly termed a "village", and, upon arrival, soldiers of the 21st chanced upon the villagers harvesting wheat. The battalion&#39;s encampment is characterised as "rolling country dotted with olive trees". The above description makes it clear that Kamatero at that time was still a small agricultural settlement.</p><br>
<p>Major population influx only started in the 1950s, resulting in wide-scale urbanisation. By now, urban development has replaced most of the farmlands and forests, and about two-thirds of the settlement are residential areas. According to the Association for the Development of West Athens, in 1981 only an estimated 2.8% of the economically active population was employed in the primary sector of industry. More recent figures are unavailable, but probably lower.</p><br>
<p>More recently, Athens was struck by a major earthquake on September 7, 1999. Kamatero was very close to the epicentre, and several houses were heavily damaged. There were no casualties, but the homeless were in the hundreds range.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit has an area of 5.950 km. The western part of the municipal unit is dominated by Poikilo mountain. This forms part of the Aigaleo mountain range, which extends southwest to the Saronic Gulf. The remaining part of the municipality is characterised by a rolling, hilly landscape. Up to the mid-20th century, the area was made up of farmlands and some forests dominated its northern part.</p><br>
<p>After that point, urban development replaced much of the farmlands. Today, about two-thirds of the land are residential areas. Empty space today can be found mostly in the western part, on Poikilo mountain. This is a rocky mountain, consisting mostly of limestone, dotted with the occasional pine. There are also some last patches of forest to be found there, especially at the feet of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Antonis Tritsis Environmental Sensitisation Park lies to the southeast of the municipality. The park is considered to be "one of the last wildlife reserves in the Athens urban environment", and it covers "more than 100,000 m2". It consists of water courses, evergreen and coniferous trees, reed beds and farmland, and attracts "many species of birds and animal throughout the year." Specifically, "members of the Hellenic Ornithological Society have been monitoring birds at the Park and have recorded 147 different species". While the Park technically lies outside the municipalitys boundaries, its influence on its microclimate is evident. Furthermore, as it is directly on the municipalitys boundaries, Kamatero municipality takes an active part in its administration, along with the neighbouring municipalities of Ilion and Agioi Anargyroi.</p><br>
<h2>Government and politics</h2><br>
<h3>Administration</h3><br>
<p>Kamatero is a part of the municipality Agioi Anargyroi-Kamatero within the West Athens regional unit, itself a part of the Attica region.</p><br>
<p>Kamatero itself is not further subdivided into smaller administrative sectors. While there are some traditional neighbourhoods in Kamatero, they have no administrative function. Besides, the delineation between the various neighbourhoods has become somewhat blurred, as what were essentially separate settlements up to a few decades ago have now been merged into a single building complex, itself part of the larger Athens metropolitan complex.</p><br>
<h3>Voting trends</h3><br>
<p>Kamatero voters exhibit a long trend of supporting leftist and centre-leftist parties to a greater extent than the national average. After the military dictatorship of 1967–1974, Kamatero has almost exclusively elected left-wing mayors, with the exception of the 1974–1978 period, right after the junta. Kamatero was one of the few Greek municipalities to elect a communist mayor in 1978 when Vasilis Katsaros won. He was reelected in the 1982 and 1986 elections and remained in office until 1990 (although he later switched from the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) to the radical leftist Synaspismos). Following 1990, and up to 2007, mayors supported by the socialist PASOK party have consistently been elected: Panagiotis Trakas (1990–1998), Dr Nikolaos Stenos, Nikitas Kamarinopoulos (replacing Dr Stenos 2005–2006 and in his own right 2006–present). The only brake from PASOK domination came during the 1998–2002 period, when Christoforos Danakos was elected under the auspices of the center-leftist DIKKI party (itself a PASOK splinter).</p><br>
<p>Furthermore, leftist parties generally pole better in Kamatero than their national average. This is especially true of the Communist Party, which in the latest legislative elections (2004) polled 11.14% of the vote in Kamatero, as opposed to its national average of 5.90%. PASOK polled 41.94% in Kamatero, as opposed to its national average of 40.55%, while Synaspismos and DIKKI also polled better than their national average (3.69% and 2.94% respectively, as opposed to their national averages of 3.26% and 1.79% respectively). By contrast, the centre-right New Democracy party, that won the national election, came in a distant second in Kamatero, polling 35.24% as opposed to its national average of 45.26%. However, it is noteworthy that the far-right Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) party also polled better in Kamatero, gaining 3.68% of the vote as opposed to its national average of 2.19%.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The area is mainly made up of urban areas, as residential areas account for about two-thirds of the municipality. Kamatero is not divided into administrative districts, however there are some traditional neighbourhoods: the Centre, Attalos, Aghios Trifonas and Gerovouno. Construction regulations vary throughout the municipality, but most houses are up to two floors.</p><br>
<p>The influx of population from the 1950s onwards mostly consisted of low-income individuals. Furthermore, Kamatero has a distinct working-class character, as in 1981 56.7% of the economically active population was employed in the secondary sector of industry, while 36.3% was employed in the tertiary sector. The primary sector accounted only for 2.8% of the population. Kamatero is considered to have potentials for further development, as it has one of the largest reserves of building space in Attica. Furthermore, it has been called one of the fastest growing municipalities in Attica.</p><br>
<h3>Population</h3><br>
<p>As can be seen from the table below, the population has been on a steady increase from 1971 onwards. What should be noted, however, is that the actual population is likely to be significantly higher than these official figures. This is because a lot of Greeks remain registered in their places of origins, while residing in various other municipalities, mostly in the Athens area. This is evident from the fact that in 1989, the official population would have ranged somewhere between 16,000 and 19,000 residents, as can be seen from the table. However, according to the public power corporation of Greece&#39;s estimate for that year, based on statistical sheets it asked its consumers to fill in, the actual population was 25,515.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Kamatero has 8 elementary schools, 3 lower-level secondary schools, and 2 upper-level secondary schools (high schools), as well as a vocational school. Most high school graduates enroll in the universities and technical colleges of Athens or other Greek cities.</p><br>
<p>Shackleton Ice Shelf is an extensive ice shelf fronting the coast of East Antarctica for about 384 km , projecting seaward about 145 km in the western portion and 64 km in the east. It occupies an area of 33,820 km². It is part of Mawson Sea and separates the Queen Mary Coast to the west from the Knox Coast of Wilkes Land to the east. The existence of this ice shelf was first made known by the USEE under Charles Wilkes who mapped a portion of it from the Vincennes in February 1840. It was explored by the Australian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson  who named it for Sir Ernest Shackleton. The extent of the ice shelf was mapped in greater detail in 1955, using aerial photography obtained by US Navy Operation Highjump, 1946-47. Further mapping by the Soviet Expedition of 1956 showed the portion eastward of Scott Glacier to be a part of this ice shelf.</p><br>
<p>Gortyna , is a former municipality in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Megalopoli, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 116.205 km. Its seat was in the village Karytaina. The name of the municipality was taken from the ancient city of Gortys.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Gortyna is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Atsicholos</p><br>
<p>Karytaina (Karytaina, Kalyvakia, Karvounari)</p><br>
<p>Katsimpalis</p><br>
<p>Kotili (Kotili, Palatos, Strongylo)</p><br>
<p>Kourounios</p><br>
<p>Kyparissia</p><br>
<p>Mavria</p><br>
<p>Sarakini (Sarakini, Kryonero, Palaiokastro)</p><br>
<p>Vlachorraptis</p><br>
<p>Zoni</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Ancient Gortys</h2><br>
<p>The ancient city Gortys was located in the valley of the river Lousios. It reputedly was founded by Gortys, son of Stymphalus, a legendary king of Arcadia. When Megalopolis was founded in the 4th century BC, many inhabitants moved to the new city, but Gortys was still inhabited in the 2nd century AD, a village belonging to Megalopolis then. Ancient Gortys was known for its Temple of Asclepius. The ruins of Gortys have been excavated between 1940 and 1956. They are located near the road from Atsicholos to Elliniko. The remains of several fortifications, temples and baths have been found.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The territory of the municipal unit Gortyna is very mountainous: the Mainalo lies to the northeast, and the Lykaion to the southwest. The rivers Lousios and Alfeios flow through it and have created deep gorges. The plain of Megalopoli lies to the southeast. Gortyna borders on Elis to the west, and Messenia to the southwest. Gortyna is about 12 km northwest of Megalopoli, 12 km south of Dimitsana, 30 km west of Tripoli, 50 km north of Kalamata and 60 km southeast of Pyrgos.</p><br>
<p>Black Hill is a hill in the Peak District, England.</p><br>
<p>It is the highest point in the historic county of Cheshire, but now lies on the border between the boroughs of Kirklees in West Yorkshire and High Peak in Derbyshire, reaching 582 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The top is peaty and thus very boggy after rain. The area surrounding the summit itself had virtually no vegetation and was very dark, giving the hill an appropriate name. However, recent restoration work has eliminated much of the exposed peat. Black Hill is crossed by the Pennine Way whose now-paved surface allows walkers to reach the top dry-shod even in the wettest of weather.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>The hill can be visited by a number of routes, including along the Pennine Way from Crowden via the Laddow Rocks cliffs; bogs permitting, a return can be made over Westend Moss (the pre-1966 route of the Pennine Way) to create a pleasant circular walk. Another popular approach is from the junction of the A635 and the Wessenden Head Road (to Meltham), known locally as the Isle of Skye (after a former hotel). This provides access to a paved section of the Pennine Way southwards to Black Hill. Black Hill can also be reached easily from Holme Moss via access land, but this route requires the use of map reading and possible a compass as although the ground is level it becomes trackless and confusing in places.</p><br>
<p>South of Crowden, the Pennine Way next visits Bleaklow and Kinder Scout (both of which are slightly higher, just over 2,000 ft, and so are Hewitts).</p><br>
<p>The triangulation column ("trig point") and highest point on Black Hill (and the highest point in West Yorkshire) is on a small elevated mound, called Soldiers&#39; Lump. According to Wainwright the support timbers for the Ramsden theodolite, used by the Royal Engineers in the original Ordnance Survey which began in 1784, were still to be found here many years later.</p><br>
<p>The Penna  is a river of southern India. The Penna rises on the hill of Nandi Hills in Chikballapur District of Karnataka state, and runs north and east through the state of Andhra Pradesh to empty into the Bay of Bengal. It is 597 km long, with a drainage basin covering 55,213 km: 6,937 km in Karnataka and 48,276 km in Andhra Pradesh. The river basin lies in the rain shadow region of Eastern Ghats and receives 500 mm average rainfall annually.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name of the river Penneru (alternatively Penner) is seemingly derived from Telugu words penu పెను meaning grand and yeru ఏఱు / యేఱు meaning river, stream, or a rivulet or else from neeru నీరు water, in flow of course. And it also called as Utthara Pinakini in Karnataka.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of the Penna and its tributaries covers part of the southern Deccan plateau, including most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and part of Karnataka. The Kolar Plateau forms the divide between the Penna watershed and those of the Kaveri, Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the south. The Penna drains the northern portion of the plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka. The Krishna River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penna&#39;s watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the northern divide of the Penna basin. The upper watershed of the Penna includes Cuddapah District, central and eastern Anantapur District, the southern part of Kurnool District, northwestern Chittoor District. The main tributaries of the Penna are the Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru from the north, and the Chitravathi, Papagni and Cheyyeru from the south. The Penna then flows east through a gap in the Eastern Ghats ranges onto the plain of Coastal Andhra, flowing through Nellore city before it empties into the Bay of Bengal at a place called Utukuru, 15 km east of Nellore.</p><br>
<p>The estuary of the Penna river extends 7 km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Tidal influence and salt water extends further upstream during the November to June dry season. Coastal dunes as high as 7 meters form around the river mouth. Upputeru tidal creek, 15 km in length, and Isakapalli lagoon, separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Isakapalli barrier island, 180 m long and up to 3 m high, form the main coastal wetlands.</p><br>
<p>The upper basin of the Penna is largely made up of ancient Archean rocks, principally granite and schist. The lower basin is made up of young sediments, including laterite and recent alluvium.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Penna basin has a dry tropical monsoon climate. The upper basin of the Penna is semi-arid, with summer temperatures of 25–46 °C and winter temperatures of 18–28 °C. Most of the rainfall is provided by the moisture-bearing southwest monsoon, which provides rain to most of India between June and September. The Penna basin lies in the rain shadow of the high Western Ghats ranges, which prevents much moisture from reaching the region. Post-monsoon cyclonic storms in the coastal region produce additional rain during September and October. The winter northeast monsoon, which provides rain between December and March, provides little rain to the upper basin and slightly more to the lower basin. It varies greatly from year to year in south India, sometimes bringing powerful cyclonic storms with flooding and high winds. The mean annual rainfall is 550 mm/year in Anantapur, and 900 mm/year in Nellore. The Penna basin suffered from a prolonged drought in the 1990s, which caused much misery among the regions farmers and generated political demands to build an aqueduct to bring water from the Krishna River to Rayalaseema.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The upper basin was formerly covered by tropical dry forest, thorn forest, and xeric shrublands. Most of the dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and overharvesting the forests for timber and firewood, replaced by thorny shrublands. The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely deciduous, dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets.</p><br>
<h2>Port</h2><br>
<p>The small boat port of Krishnapatnam used to lie on Upputeru creek, and has now been developed into a deep-water port. Buckingham Canal, a navigable man-made waterway that runs just behind the coast, allows small boats from the Penna to get to Chennai in the south and the Krishna River delta to the north. Currently as in November 2015 Krishnapatnam Port is a major port situated at a distance of 24 km from Nellore city. Krishnapatnam is one of the very few ports in the world now which can handle giant ships with load capacities of 1,50,000 tonnes. It has become one of the deepest port of India with 18 meters of draft.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Telugu literature has flourished in the Penna basin which produced several well-known authors and poets. Aadikavi Tikkana Somayajulu, Raallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma, Vidvan Vishvam, and C. Ramakrishna Reddy are noteworthies among them. Vidhwan Viswams penneti paata which means "a song of River Penna" is very popular in Andhra Pradesh and in Raayala Seema in particular, it is a topic of study in graduation course Telugu language paper. Ramakrishna Reddys "penneti kathalu" represented the tragic and cultural life of the people of Penna valley. These stories are credited to be the best of their kind with the accent of local language presented effectively.</p><br>
<h2>Water use potential</h2><br>
<p>The average annual water yield in river is nearly 6.316 billion cubic meters. All the water sources in the river basin are fully harnessed by constructing nearly 5 billion cubic meters capacity water storage reservoirs. Ground water is also extensively harnessed in the river basin beyond the long term sustainability.</p><br>
<p>The predominant rain fall is during North East Monsoon season whereas it is in South West monsoon in the adjoining Krishna river basin. This basin is situated geographically at lower elevation compared to the surrounding Krishna river basin. This feature facilitates water transfer from the adjoining Krishna basin. Water can be transferred from the adjoining Krishna basin into Penna basin up to 600 m MSL elevation with moderate water pumping (less than 100 m head). The river basin has extensive rain fed agriculture lands and good water storage sites for its all around development provided Krishna river water is imported to the basin. The monsoon flood waters of Krishna river during South West Monsoon months can be transferred for direct use in Penna basin without the need for water storage.</p><br>
<h2>Interstate aspects</h2><br>
<p>The Penna basin water apportionment is governed by colonial time water sharing agreement in the year 1892 and the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956. However the future development of Penna basin depends on Interstate water sharing agreements of Krishna river. Tungabhadra Dam which is located in Karnataka and a joint project of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, is the only gate way to transfer water from Krishna river to the uplands of Penna basin up to 600 m MSL. The low lands of Penna basin can be supplied with Krishna river from the Srisailam dam up to 250 m MSL. The outcome of ongoing Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal – II is very crucial for the future of Penna river basin.</p><br>
<p>Old Rag Mountain is a 3,284 ft mountain near Sperryville in Madison County, Virginia. A part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the peak is located within Shenandoah National Park and is the most popular hiking destination within the park.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to most mountains of the Blue Ridge, Old Rag has an exposed (rocky) summit.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Old Rag Mountain is underlain by Old Rag Granite, named for its ubiquitous exposure on the mountain, formed during the Grenville Orogeny about a billion years ago. About 400 million years after the Grenville orogeny during the Catoctin Formation, deposition of basaltic magma occurred during the formation of the Iapetus Ocean, forming a layer of greenstone over the granite. This was followed by the Weverton Formation, Harpers Formation, and Antietam formation in which sand and rock sedimented on the ocean floor forming quartzite and sandstone deposits. Finally a period of sedimentation of shells and skeletons of foraminifera resulted in deposition of a layer of limestone. Approximately 700 million years after the Greenville Orogeny, the Iapetus Ocean began to close resulting in the Alleghenian Orogeny when the Old Rag Granite and layers of rock deposited upon it were transported westward and eventually thrust up over the limestone bed around it, forming Old Rag and the Blue Ridge Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<h3>Hiking</h3><br>
<p>The summit of Old Rag is accessible via a system of trails in Shenandoah National Park. The shorter, most common way is from a parking area in Nethers near the end of Madison County&#39;s SR 601, off Virginia State Route 231, at the base of the mountain. A 9 mi circuit hike or a 5.4 mi out-and-back hike to the summit can be made. The circuit hike makes use of the Ridge Trail which ascends the mountain 1.6 mi to the first false summit. The trail then turns into a rock scramble, which can be strenuous for inexperienced hikers, for 1.1 mi to the summit and intersection with the Saddle Trail which descends 1.9 mi down the saddle of the ridge past Byrds Nest #1 shelter and Old Rag shelter to the junction with Weakley Hollow Fire Road. The Fire Road then descends 2.5 mi to the Old Rag parking area.</p><br>
<p>The upper Old Rag parking area was closed to public vehicles in 2010. Parking is now limited to the lower field parking area, adding a 0.9 mi walk on asphalt.</p><br>
<p>The summit can also be reached from Skyline Drive by following Old Rag Fire Road from the drive at milepost 43 to its eastern terminus with the Saddle Trail and then follow that trail to the summit.</p><br>
<h3>Rock climbing</h3><br>
<p>Old Rag is a unique destination for rock climbing in the mid-Atlantic region. Its large granite exposures offer rock climbers an experience similar to that provided by the granite rocks of the Sierra Nevada, Yosemite, North Carolina, and New Hampshire. It boasts splitter cracks, dihedrals, and crystal pinching slabs.</p><br>
<p>The climbs are between 50 and in length, and range in difficulty from beginner to expert (5.4- to 5.12+ on the Yosemite Decimal System).</p><br>
<h3>Bouldering</h3><br>
<p>Old Rag has a rather underdeveloped bouldering section. However, because Old Rag has an exposed surface, bouldering challenges exist all along the trail.</p><br>
<p>Hawksbill Mountain is a mountain with an elevation of 4,050 ft. Marking the border between Madison County and Page County in Virginia, the summit of Hawksbill Mountain is the highest point in Shenandoah National Park, as well as the highest point in both Madison and Page counties.</p><br>
<p>The north face of Hawksbill Peak is a 2,500 ft drop into Timber Hollow, which is the largest elevation change in the park. The summit is one of the few places in Shenandoah National Park where one can find balsam fir, a tree more typical of northern New England and southeast Canada. Red spruce was once found near the summit but the last of the trees died out over 20 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service has constructed a stone observation platform at the summit. Byrd&#39;s Nest No. 2, one of a series of shelters built in the park by Senator Harry Byrd, is nearby. Hawksbill peak is also the site of a peregrine falcon restoration project. The summit of Hawksbill Mountain can be reached by a short hike from a trailhead located at the Upper Hawksbill parking area, just off of Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park. A number of other hiking trails lead to the summit of Hawksbill, while the Appalachian Trail goes around and about 500 ft in elevation below the summit.</p><br>
<p>Inishmaan  is the middle of the three main Aran Islands in Galway Bay on the west coast of Ireland. It is part of County Galway in the province of Connacht. Inishmaan has a population of about 160, making it the smallest of the Aran Islands in terms of population. It is one of the most important strongholds of traditional Irish culture. The island is predominantly Irish-speaking, though all inhabitants have knowledge of English, and is part of the Gaeltacht.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is an extension of The Burren. The terrain of the island is composed of limestone pavements with crisscrossing cracks known as "grikes", leaving isolated rocks called "clints". The limestones date from the Visean period (Lower Carboniferous), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites.</p><br>
<p>Glaciation following the Namurian phase facilitated greater denudation. The result is that Inishmaan is one of the finest examples of a Glacio-Karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the island overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier Karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by the last glacial period. So any Karstification now seen dates from approximately 10,000 years ago and the island Karst is thus recent.</p><br>
<p>Solutional processes have widened and deepened the grykes of the limestone pavement. Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat pavement-like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of subterranean drainage.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and agriculture</h2><br>
<p>The island has an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C in July to 6 °C in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C (end 2010 recorded a prolonged period of snow, the first in living memory). Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C, this means that the island (like the neighbouring Burren) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports diverse and rich plant growth.</p><br>
<p>Late May is the sunniest time, and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking (but orchid species blooming later).</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island supports arctic, Mediterranean and alpine plants side-by-side, due to the unusual environment. Like the Burren, the Aran islands are renowned for their remarkable assemblage of plants and animals.</p><br>
<p>The grikes (crevices) provide moist shelter, thus supporting a wide range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or Alpine plants can be found. But when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like the gentian and orchids.</p><br>
<p>Notable insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the burren green (Calamia tridens), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); and the hoverfly Doros profuges.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<h3>Archaeological sites</h3><br>
<p>There are two notable stone forts on the island. Dún Chonchúir (Conors Fort) is an ancient oval stone fort, dating to pre-Christian times, with views of the islands other ancient sites and the sea. And the stone fort Dún Fearbhaí, which dates from the 4th century AD and is unusual in being almost rectangular - instead of circular as the other fort on the island.</p><br>
<p>Clochán na Carraige is a beehive hut, the structure of which is unusual because the outside is circular but the inside is rectangular.</p><br>
<h3>Synge's Cottage and Chair</h3><br>
<p>Teach Synge is the house where John Millington Synge stayed on the island every summer from 1898 to 1902, where he was hosted by Bríd and Páidín Mac Donnchadha. It was here he is said to have got inspiration for his plays The Playboy of the Western World, Riders to the Sea, and many of his other works from stories he heard while on Inishmaan. The house he stayed in, Teach Synge, was inhabited by descendants of the Mac Donnchadha family until the 1970s, when it began to fall into disrepair. It has been restored to its original condition, and has been open to the public since August 1999.</p><br>
<p>Cathaoir Synge (Synges Chair) was the writers favourite place on the island, overlooking Inishmore and the Atlantic.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Inishmaan&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland. Census data in Ireland before 1841 are not considered complete and/or reliable.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The island is connected to the national grid via a submarine cable as well as having wind turbines with an installed capacity of 675 kW.</p><br>
<p>A desalination plant provides water for the residents, but water shortages are still a common occurrence</p><br>
<p>Inis Meáin also has a wind farm which runs its desalination plant and fuels the electric car.</p><br>
<p>Inis Meáin has a new jetty ("Caladh Mor") since 2007. It also has an airstrip connecting it to the mainland, with flights operated by Aer Arann from Connemara Regional Airport.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>There is a primary school on the island, Scoil Náisiúnta Inis Meáin.</p><br>
<p>There is also a secondary school, Colaiste Naomh Eoin. Coláiste Naomh Eoin was opened on 1 September 2003 under the auspices of Coláiste Colmchille (Inverin) and the County Galway Vocational Education Committee. It caters for the entire second level educational needs of the Aran islands. Senior Cycle was first introduced in 2006. The school is housed in a building on hire from the local co-operative. Four school classrooms and the school office are located there. The new science laboratory which was renovated in 2008. A woodwork, technical graphics and construction studies workshop was added to the infrastructure over 2008/2010. The school also has use of the local football pitch, in addition to a lined basketball court. The students of Coláiste Naomh Eoin wear a red V neck jumper with a grey polo neck with the crest of the school imprinted on them. Both male and female students wear black trousers with black shoes or runners.</p><br>
<h2>Public Library</h2><br>
<p>There is a public library on the island. It holds a diverse and quality collection of adult and children&#39;s books. It is open every Tuesday and Thursday from 2.00pm to 4.00pm and on Saturdays from 11.00am to 1.00pm. The library provides a reference and local studies collection with information on the heritage and history of the island. There is also free internet access.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>Some of the limestone sea cliffs have attracted interest from rock-climbers.</p><br>
<p>Diving is popular. Inis Meáin is home to the game Céad. This is a traditional sport unique to the island and is only practiced once a year, on Saint Patricks Day. Only men can partake in the competitive aspect of the sport. There is an annual 10km race known as the Inis Iron Meáin Race&#39; organised by Colaiste Noamh Eoin, the island secondary school.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The island is the setting of the play The Cripple of Inishmaan by Martin McDonagh.</p><br>
<p>Palar is a river of southern India. It rises in Nandi Hills, India in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka state, and flows 93 km in Karnataka, 33 km in Andhra Pradesh and 222 km in Tamil Nadu before its confluence into the Bay of Bengal at Vayalur about 100 km south of Chennai. It flows as an underground river for a long distance only to emerge near Bethamangala town, from where, gathering water and speed, it flows eastward down the Deccan Plateau. The cities of Ramanaickenpet, Vaniyambadi, Ambur, Gudiyatham, Vellore, Melvisharam, Arcot, Ranipet Walajapet , Kanchipuram, and Chengalpattu are located on banks of Palar River. Of all the total of seven tributaries, the chief tributary is Cheyyar River.</p><br>
<p>Palar river water from Palar anicut is diverted to the Poondi reservoir located in Kosasthalaiyar River basin and to Chembarambakkam Lake located in Adayar River basin. These two reservoirs are major water supply points to Chennai city. After commissioning of the Telugu Ganga project to supply nearly 1000 million litres per day of Krishna River water to the Chennai city, the dependence on Palar river water has reduced drastically.</p><br>
<h2>Controversial dam</h2><br>
<p>Andhra Pradesh Government is constructing an irrigation dam across Palar at Ganeshpuram, near Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh which has caused agitation among the people of the five northern districts of Tamil Nadu, namely Vellore, Kancheepuram, Tiruvannamalai, Thiruvallur and Chennai benefited by the river. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalitha voiced her opposition to this proposal and said "Palar is an inter-state river and was also one of the rivers mentioned in Schedule A annexed to the 1892 agreement which is in force as per Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956. As per a clause of the agreement, the upstream state should not build any new dam or any structure to obstruct, divert, or store waters of the rivers without the consent of the downstream state".</p><br>
<p>The average rainfall in entire Palar river basin is low. This river basin used to suffer from frequent droughts. There has been no full scale flow for the past 10 years.However, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have mitigated frequent recurrence of droughts by developing innumerable minor and medium irrigation tanks. This has improved the availability of water for surface as well as ground water irrigations. As per the wet land atlas of India., the manmade wet lands are covering extensive area (3% to 5%) in the districts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu covering Palar river basin. Whereas the Palar basin in Andhra Pradesh is not well covered by wet lands which implies that the river water usage in Andhra Pradesh is not up to the mark compared to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the year 1892 when the Palar waters agreement was made, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh were part of then Madras Presidency. The 1892 agreement on Palar river water sharing is applicable between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh since the boundary line in Palar river basin between Madras Presidency and Mysore kingdom is now part of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states.</p><br>
<h2>Documentary</h2><br>
<p>A documentary called En Peyar Palar produced by Social Action Movement and Water Rights Protection Group, Chengalpattu and released on 30 June 2008 chronicles the plight of the river from its origin in Karnataka till it joins Bay of Bengal. The 85-minute documentary delves into how activities such as sand quarrying and discharge of industrial effluents are sucking the life out of one of Tamil Nadu&#39;s prime sources of drinking water. It was directed by R.R. Srinivasan.</p><br>
<p>This river is so important for irrigation in the north and south Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu, but it flows a meager distance of 50 km in Andhra Pradesh, where the Palar river had been seen dry for almost 20 years. Palar has been home for mud robbery and other illegal activities.</p><br>
<h2>Karnataka</h2><br>
<p>In the State of Karnataka Palar River Originates from the Nandi hills. There are various reservoirs and check dams across the river to store the Water, While two of the most significant of them are the two Consecutive dams that are back to back with in seven Kilometers. The reservoir of Bethamangala and The Reservoir of the Ramasagara also called as Bukkasagara. The reservoir of Bethamangala had been the main source of Drinking water to the Kolar Gold Fields. And it is also a Boating area.</p><br>
<p>While the second one and the largest of all reservoirs is the reservoir of the Ramasagara, which holds numerous temples at this spot. It is known famous for its fisheries till the year 2005. after which the Reservoir never got filled more than 40 percent of its capacity. The period from 2006 to the year of 2017 September the fate of the Palar river in this part was almost dry.</p><br>
<p>The heavy rains in the hinterland and the basin of the palar river has brought the Bethamangala Reservoir back to its past glory, as of 6 October 2017 the Reservoir of Bethamangala is one feet deficit to its full capacity, while later Ramasagara Reservoir is just 15 percent filled and mostly dry, holds double the capacity of the former.</p><br>
<p>It is noteworthy that few famous places like the Avani, Bangaru tirupati, Vijeyendra Swamy Temple, Someshwara Swamy temple, lies in these region, with in twenty kilometers of the epicentre Bethamangala, While the Village of Ramasagara is Considered the Home Village of the K.C. Reddy, the First Chief Minister of the Karnataka State. And the First and second MLA of this Constituency comes from this place.</p><br>
<h2>Temples</h2><br>
<p>Venugopalaswami Temple is a historic temple located on the banks of the river.</p><br>
<p>In the State of Karnataka Just above the Tamil Nadu state there are some Temples on the banks of the Palar River. Vijayendra swamy temple on the Banks of the Palar River at the Town of Bethamangala. Channakeshava Swamy temple, Someshwara swamy temple and Veerabadra swamy temple on the Banks at the Village of Ramasagara. On the banks of little streams that join the Palar river sits another Iconic vedic era temple of Lord Venkateshwara(permal) on the hill top of the Bangaru Tirupati (Guttahalli). This region also consists two reservoirs one at Bethamangala and the largest in Karnataka at the Ramasagara. Both are holy to the locals.</p><br>
<h2>Palar water flow near Vellore in 2015</h2><br>
<p>It was a sight to behold for residents of Vellore as water flowed into the Palar near Pallikonda on Tuesday breathing life into the dry river after almost 10 years. "Water has reached for more than four kilometres from Pallikonda bridge to Kandaneri. Palar is witnessing water flow after 10 years" an official said. Water level has gone up in the Aanaimadagu dam near Ambur. There was heavy water flow at the Jalagamparai and Amirthi water falls following the rains.</p><br>
<p>Bhavani is a major river in Kongu Nadu region of Tamil Nadu, India. It is the second longest river in Tamil Nadu and a major tributary of the Kaveri River.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>Bhavani river originates from Nilgiri hills of the Western Ghats, enters the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala and flows back towards Tamil Nadu. The Bhavani is a 217 km long perennial river fed mostly by the southwest monsoon and supplemented by the northeast monsoon. Its watershed drains an area of 0.62 e6ha spread over Tamil Nadu (87%), Kerala (9%) and Karnataka (4%). The main river courses majorly through Coimbatore district and Erode district in Tamil Nadu. About 90 per cent of the river&#39;s water is used for agriculture irrigation.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Twelve major rivulets including West and East Varagar rivers join Bhavani draining the southern Nilgiri slopes. At Mukkali, Bhavani takes an abrupt 120-degree turn towards the northeast and flows for another 25 km through Attappady plateau. It gets reinforced by the Kunda river coming from the north. Siruvani river, a perennial stream and the Kodungarapallam river, flowing from the south and southeast respectively join the Bhavani at Kerala-Tamil Nadu border. The river then flows east along the base of Nilgiris and enters the plains near Bathra Kaliamman temple at Mettupalayam after joining with Coonoor river coming from northwest.</p><br>
<p>About 30 km downstream, Moyar River, a major tributary originating in Mudumalai National Park, flows in from the northwest, where it drains the valley between the northern slopes of the Nilgiris and the southern slopes of the Bilgiri Hills. After the Moyar it is blocked by the Lower Bhavani Dam, feeding Lower Bhavani Project Canal near Sathyamangalam in Erode District. The river continues east for over 160 km through Erode District, traversing Kodiveri Dam, near Gobichettipalayam which feeds the Arakkankottai and Thadappalli canals constructed for agricultural purposes. A small barrage across the river was built by Kalingarayan in 1283 AD to feed the 56 mi Kalingarayan irrigation canal. The river joins Kaveri at Kooduthurai near Sangameswarar Temple, Bhavani where it is believed that the mystic Sarasvati River also joins the confluence.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>Bhavanisagar dam is located on the Bhavani river in Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India. The dam is one of the largest earthen dams in the world. The dam is situated some 16 km west of Sathyamangalam and 35 km from Gobichettipalayam. The Lower Bhavani Project was the first major irrigation project initiated in India after independence in 1948. It was completed by 1955 and opened for use in 1956. The dam was constructed at a cost of.</p><br>
<p>The dam is 8 km long and 40 m high. The full reservoir level is 120 ft and the dam has a capacity of 32.8 e9cuft. The dam has two hydel power stations, one on the east bank canal and the other on the Bhavani river. Each has a capacity of 16 MW for a total capacity of 32 MW.</p><br>
<p>Kodiveri dam is located on the Bhavani River near Gobichettipalayam in Western Tamil Nadu. The dam is situated along the State Highway 15 about 15 km from Gobichettipalayam towards Sathyamangalam. It was constructed by Kongalvan in the year 1125 AD.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Industrial, municipal and agricultural pollution of the river results in poor water quality and negative impacts on the health of people, plants and animals dependent on the river water.</p><br>
<p>Laing&#39;s Nek, or Lang&#39;s Nek is a pass through the Drakensberg, South Africa, immediately north of Majuba, at {{coord|27|27|39|S|29|52|10|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}} at an elevation of 5400 to 6,000 ft. It is the lowest part of a ridge which slopes from Majuba to the Buffalo River, and before the opening of the railway in 1891 the road over the nek was the main artery of communication between Durban and Pretoria. The railway crosses the pass via a 2,213 ft. long tunnel.</p><br>
<p>When the Boers rose in revolt in December 1880 they occupied Laing&#39;s Nek to oppose the entry of British reinforcements into the Transvaal. On 28 January 1881 a small British force endeavoured to drive the Boers from the pass, but was forced to retire after the Battle of Laing&#39;s Nek.</p><br>
<p>Appomattox Manor is a former plantation house in Hopewell, Virginia, United States. It is best known as the Union headquarters during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864-65.</p><br>
<p>The restored circa 1751 manor house on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the James River and Appomattox River, and the grounds are managed by the National Park Service. The museum there, Grant&#39;s Headquarters at City Point Museum, is a unit of the Petersburg National Battlefield Park.</p><br>
<h2>Before the war</h2><br>
<p>The Eppes family home was a century old by the time Union forces occupied the site in 1864. It had been built on a large tract of land acquired by Captain Francis Eppes in 1635 and by the time of the American Civil War it was the center of a plantation covering more than 2,300 acres (9.3 km²).</p><br>
<h2>The war years</h2><br>
<p>In 1861 Appomattox Plantation was owned by Dr. Richard Eppes. Though he owned a plantation and nearly 130 slaves, Dr. Eppes was not a strong secessionist. Yet when Virginia cast her lot with the South he took up arms by joining a local cavalry unit. He soon left the army to become a contract surgeon at a Confederate hospital in Petersburg. The Eppes family remained at their home until 1862 when the arrival of Union gunboats on the James River forced them to flee their home for the safety of Petersburg. Soon thereafter nearly all of their slaves left with those Union forces. When the war came to Petersburg two years later Mrs. Eppes and the children fled again, this time to her mother&#39;s home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Appomattox Plantation was used as the offices of USA Quartermaster Rufus Ingalls and his staff during the siege. City Point was a port on the James River. During the last years of the Civil War, from the port there, the City Point Railroad was used to support the Union forces during the Siege of Petersburg 1864–65. The successful capture of Petersburg and its network of railroads was the key to the fall of the Confederate capital city of Richmond, ending the war less than a week later.</p><br>
<p>After the surrender, when Dr. Eppes returned he found his house in near ruin and his plantation nearly destroyed. Not until March 1866 with the last Union regiments gone and the property back in his name did his wife and children return home to pick up the pieces and start anew.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The manor house and surrounding land was donated to the National Park Service by the Eppes family. It is located in the City Point Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Abor Hills is a region of Arunachal Pradesh in the far northeast of India, near the border with China. The hills are bordered by the Mishmi Hills and Miri Hills, and drained by the Dibang River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra.</p><br>
<p>During the British Raj, the hills had a reputation as a troublesome area, and military expeditions were sent against the residents in the 1890s. The region was administered as the Abor Hills District from 1948, with headquarters at Pasighat, but later reorganized into the Lower Dibang Valley and Lohit districts.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial history</h2><br>
<p>The Abor Hills are a tract of country on the north-east frontier of India, which was occupied by an independent tribe, the Adi people, formerly called the Abors. It lay north of Lakhimpur district, in the province of eastern Bengal and Assam, and is bounded on the east by the Mishmi Hills and on the west by the Miri Hills, the villages of the tribe extending to the Dibong river. The term Abor is an Assamese word, signifying "barbarous" or "independent," and is applied in a general sense by the Assamese to many frontier tribes; but in its restricted sense it is specially given to the above tract, because the Abi were considered to be difficult to control and resistant to centralized authority. In former times they frequently raided the plains of Assam, and had been the object of more than one retaliatory expedition by the British government. In 1893-94 occurred the first Bor Abor expedition. Some military police sepoys were murdered in British territory, and a force of 600 troops was sent, which traversed the Abor country, and destroyed the villages involved in the murder as well as all other villages that opposed the expedition. A second expedition became necessary later on after two small patrols were killed; and a force of 100 British troops traversed the border of the Abor country and punished the tribes, while a blockade was continued against them from 1894 to 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Abors, together with the cognate tribes of Miris, Daphlas and Akas, are supposed to be descended from a Tibetan stock.</p><br>
<p>Fort Peck Lake, or Lake Fort Peck, is a major reservoir in Montana, formed by the Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River. The lake lies in the eastern prairie region of Montana approximately 140 mi east of Great Falls and 120 mi north of Billings, reaching into portions of six counties.</p><br>
<p>The dam and reservoir were built in the 1930s to enhance navigation on the Missouri River, and supply enough water to provide a 9-foot deep channel from Sioux City, Iowa, to the mouth of the Missouri just above St. Louis. Following severe flooding along the Missouri River in 1943, which hampered the economic development of the Missouri River Valley and damaged production of military supplies for then-ongoing World War II, five additional dams were added when the federal government adopted the Pick-Sloan Plan, calling for a series of dams and reservoirs to be built along the Missouri and its tributaries. Fort Peck Dam was built from 1933 to 1940 by the USA Army Corps of Engineers; water impoundment began in 1937 and the reservoir was first filled to capacity in 1947.</p><br>
<p>With a volume of 18,700,000 acre.ft when full, Fort Peck is the fifth largest artificial lake in the United States. It extends 134 mi through central Montana, and its twisting, inlet-studded shoreline has a total length of some 1,520 mi. Along with the Missouri River, smaller tributaries such as the Musselshell River, Fourchette Creek, Timber Creek, Hell Creek and Dry Creek feed the reservoir; the latter forms the longest side arm of the reservoir, which reaches some 30 mi southwards. The lake covers an area of 245,000 acre, making it the largest in Montana by surface area, although Flathead Lake has a larger volume due to its greater depth.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is also a tourist attraction, with 27 designated recreational sites bordering its shores. Bordering nearly the entire reservoir is the 1,719 square miles Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, which has preserved much of the high prairie and hill country around the lake in a more or less natural state.</p><br>
<p>Lake Volta is a large reservoir or man made lake in terms of surface area contained behind the Akosombo Dam. It is completely within the country of Ghana and has a surface area of 8,502 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Volta lies along the Greenwich meridian, and just six degrees of latitude north of the Equator. The lakes northernmost point is close to the town of Yapei, and its southernmost extreme is at the Akosombo Dam, 520 km downstream from Yapei. Akosombo Dam holds back both the White Volta River and the Black Volta River, which formerly converged where the middle of the reservoir now lies, to form the single Volta River. The present Volta River flows from the outlets of the dams powerhouse and spillways to the Atlantic Ocean in southern Ghana.</p><br>
<p>The main islands within the lake are Dodi, Dwarf, and Kporve. Digya National Park lies on part of the lake&#39;s western shore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake is formed by the Akosombo Dam, which was originally conceived by the geologist Albert Ernest Kitson in 1915, but whose construction only began in 1961 with completion in 1965. Because of the formation of Lake Volta, about 78,000 people were relocated to new towns and villages, along with 200,000 animals belonging to them. About 120 buildings were destroyed, not including small residences, as over 3,000 square miles of territory were flooded.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The Akosombo Dam provides electricity for much of the country, as well as for export to Togo, Benin, and nearby countries, to earn foreign exchange value. Lake Volta is also important for transportation, providing a waterway for both ferries and cargo watercraft. Since the huge lake lies in a tropical area, the water remains warm year-round naturally. Given good management, Lake Volta is the location of a vast population of fish and large fisheries.</p><br>
<p>The lake also attracts tourism, and tourist cruises visit the island of Dodi.</p><br>
<p>Recent developments include a large-scale enterprise to harvest submerged timber from the flooded forests under Lake Volta. This project harvests high-value tropical hardwood without requiring additional logging or destruction of existing forest and, according to Wayne Dunn, "could generate the largest source of environmentally sustainable natural tropical hardwood in the world." The Ghanaian-owned company Underwater Forest Resources has committed itself to making said lumber available in the global market, while Flooring Solutions Ghana have become the suppliers of hardwood floors, using the rare wood from the Lake. In addition to generating foreign currency for the region and reducing the dependence of locals on fishing as a primary economic activity, the removal of submerged trees is improving navigation on the lake and increasing safety.</p><br>
<p>An estimated 7,000 - 10,000 child slaves work in the fishing industry on Lake Volta.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>The Khone Falls and Pha Pheng Falls  is a waterfall located in Champasak Province on the Mekong River in southern Laos, near the border with Cambodia . The Khone Falls are the largest in southeast Asia and they are the main reason that the Mekong is not fully navigable into China. The falls are characterised by thousands of islands and countless waterways, giving the area its name Si Phan Don or The 4,000 islands.</p><br>
<p>The highest falls reach to 21 m; the succession of rapids stretch 9.7 km of the river&#39;s length. The average discharge of the cataract is nearly 11,000 m3/s, though the highest volume on record was reached at over 49,000 m3/s.</p><br>
<h2>Navigable efforts</h2><br>
<p>The Khone Falls is the prime reason why the Mekong river is not fully navigable into China. In the late 19th century French colonialists made repeated attempts to navigate the falls but their efforts failed. This difficulty led to the construction of the Don Det – Don Khon narrow gauge railway on Don Det and Don Khon islands.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Hillstream loach Hemimyzon khonensis is known from a single specimen collected in the Mekong at the Khone Falls. The falls are home to the plabuck, an endangered species of catfish said to be the largest freshwater fish in the world. The plabuck is alleged to reach lengths of 3 m and weights of up to 646 pounds (293 kilograms).</p><br>
<p>Rajrappa  is a waterfall and a pilgrimage centre in Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rajrappa is located at 23.632&deg;N latitude, 85.711&deg;E longitude.</p><br>
<p>Rajrappa stands at the confluence of the Damodar and Bhairavi (locally called Bhera) rivers.</p><br>
<p>Rajrappa is located off NH 23 connecting Ramgarh and Chas. It is 20 km from Ramgarh,65 km from Hazaribagh, 70 km from Ranchi and 68 km from Bokaro Steel City.</p><br>
<h3>Waterfalls</h3><br>
<p>The Bhera or Bhairavi joins the Damodar, falling from a height of 9.1 m. It is a scenic spot that offers boating facilities and spectacular rock formation for the visitors.</p><br>
<h3>Geographical significance</h3><br>
<p>Rajrappa Falls has tremendous geographical significance. The Damodar valley at Rajrappa is a typical example of polycyclic valley or topographic discordance which is characterized by two storey valley. The Damodar developed its broad and flat valley of senile stage before the onset of Tertiary upliftment. The river was rejuvenated due to upliftment of landmass during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods (66 million to 1.8 million years ago) by the side effects of the Himalayan orogeny and thus the Damodar excavated its new deep and narrow valley of youthful stage within its broad and flat valley of senile stage. The Bhera river coming from over the Ranchi plateau makes a waterfall while joining the Damodar and thus presents an example of a hanging valley. The Damodar gorge near Rajrappa is a typical example of incised meander.</p><br>
<h2>Pilgrimage centre</h2><br>
<p>Rajrappa is a Hindu pilgrimage centre attracting an estimated 2,500-3,000 persons daily. Apart from the main temple, there are ten temples of various gods and goddesses such as the Sun God and Lord Shiva.</p><br>
<p>Rajrappa also is a pilgrim centre for the Santals and other tribals who come for immersion of the ashes of their loved ones in the Damodar. They come mostly during the month of December, in groups known as yatri. As per their mythology it is their final resting place. In their folk songs Rajrappa is referred to as "Thel Kopi Ghat" (Water Ghat) and they use oil after bathing. They come in significant numbers from the southern parts of Jharkhand state such as East and West Singhbhum and Saraikela districts.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Rajrappa is a project under Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), a subsidiary of Coal India Limited and is part of Ramgarh Coalfield. It is one of the biggest coal-fields in its region. It is widely known as the Rajrappa Project, which consist of the main quarry (a huge open cast mine), offices, colonies, recreation facilities, shopping complexes, a police out-post and public utility buildings. It is a complete township in itself.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>DAV Public School Rajrappa</p><br>
<p>Kendriya Vidyalaya Rajrappa</p><br>
<p>Shishu Vidya Mandir (SVM) Rajrappa</p><br>
<p>Lake Sharpe is a large reservoir behind Big Bend Dam on the Missouri River in central South Dakota, USA. The lake has an area of 56,884 acre and a maximum depth of 78 ft. Lake Sharpe is approximately 80 mi long, with a shoreline of 200 mi.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Big Bend Dam began in 1959, and Lake Sharpe was named for Merrill Q. Sharpe, the 17th Governor of South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Species of fish in the reservoir include walleye, sauger, smallmouth bass, channel catfish, and white bass. Walleye are the primary gamefish in the lake, and gizzard shad are the main food source for the walleye.</p><br>
<p>The South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks maintains several recreation areas and boat launching facilities around the lake. West Bend Recreation Area and Farm Island State Recreation Area are both located on the lake.</p><br>
<p>Much of the western shore of the lake is within the Lower Brule Indian Reservation, while the Crow Creek Indian Reservation lies along the eastern shore.</p><br>
<p>Hornsea Mere is the largest freshwater lake in Yorkshire,</p><br>
<p>England, and lies to the west of Hornsea in the East Riding.</p><br>
<p>It covers an area of 467 acre, is 2 mi long, 0.75 mi at its widest point and 12 ft at its deepest.</p><br>
<p>Hornsea Mere is a centre for bird-watching and a tourist attraction offering rowing, sailing, boat trips and fishing. It is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Protection Area for birds; it accommodates many species throughout the year, and is of international importance for a migratory population of gadwall. Its shallowness results in a diverse range of swamp and fen plants.</p><br>
<p>It was featured in the BBC television programme Seven Natural Wonders.</p><br>
<p>Hornsea Mere is owned by Wassand Hall, situated to the west of the mere, and was purchased by the Hall&#39;s estate for £50 in the 16th century.</p><br>
<p>The mere is the base for Hornsea Sailing Club.</p><br>
<p>Agioi Anargyroi  is a suburb in the north-central part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. It takes its name from the "Holy Unmercenaries": saints who received no payment for their medical services. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Agioi Anargyroi-Kamatero, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Agioi Anargyroi is located 5 km north of Athens city centre. The municipal unit has an area of 3.200 km. Its built-up area is continuous with that of Athens and the neighbouring suburbs Peristeri, Ilion, Kamatero, Acharnes, Nea Filadelfeia and Nea Chalkidona. Motorway 1 (Athens–Thessaloniki) passes east of the town. Agioi Anargyroi has a station on the Athens–Thessaloniki railway. The old metric Piraeus–Patras railway passes through the town as well.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<p>Agioi Anargyroi is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Opole, Poland</p><br>
<p>Grasmoor is a mountain in the north-western part of the Lake District, northern England. It is the highest peak in a group of hills between the villages of Lorton, Braithwaite and Buttermere, and overlooks Crummock Water.</p><br>
<p>Grasmoor is distinguished by its steep western flank, dropping dramatically to Crummock Water. This face is however not suitable for rock climbers as there is little clean rock, although Alfred Wainwright describes a challenging route up the face in his Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells. To the east the fell is linked to others by Crag Hill and Coledale Hause. Grasmoor is also home to the most extensive scree slopes in the North Western Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Grasmoor takes its name from the Old Norse element grise, meaning wild boar. This element appears in other Lake District place names, including Grisedale Pike and Grizedale Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North-Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north–south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. The central sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and Newlands Pass, includes Grasmoor.</p><br>
<p>The highest ground in the North-Western Fells is an east–west ridge in this central sector, beginning with Grasmoor above Crummock Water and then gradually descending eastwards over Crag Hill, Sail, Scar Crags and Causey Pike. Grasmoor has the greatest elevation, although Crag Hill stands at the hub of the range.</p><br>
<p>From the valley floor near Little Town at the eastern end, the ridge requires four miles (6 km) of gradual ascent to attain the summit of Grasmoor. Starting at the shores of Crummock Water in the west, the same is achieved by a single slope of scree in less than a quarter of the distance. Grasmoor is Lakeland&#39;s terminal height par excellence.</p><br>
<p>The summit is at the west end of a broad, gently domed promenade of moss and short grass, with a narrowing in the middle where the deep bowl of Dove Crags bites into the northern face. To the east of this plateau are broad smooth slopes descending to a wide unnamed col at 2,368 ft. This connects onward to Crag Hill. At the western end the summit area narrows, culminating at the subsidiary top of Grasmoor End (2,445 ft) which crowns the western face. Great fans of scree descend to the lakeside road below. Grasmoor has one minor ridge which descends south-westward over Lad Hows (1,397 ft) before a steeper fall to the valley floor.</p><br>
<p>To the south of Grasmoor is the valley of Rannerdale, which flows to Crummock Water between Lad Hows and the neighbouring Wandope. This drainage is supplemented by Cinderdale Beck, separating Lad Hows from the main body of the fell. The northern flank of the ridge stands above Liza Beck, in the valley of Gasgale Gill. This stream also makes due west for Crummock Water, but is diverted northward by the low top of Lanthwaite Hill to join the Cocker after its exit from the lake. An area of lowland to the north-west is thus annexed to Grasmoor from the natural territory of Whiteside.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The surface rocks of Grasmoor are composed primarily of the Ordovician Kirkstile Formation. These are laminated mudstone and siltstone, typical of the Skiddaw range. There is no history of mining beneath the slopes of Grasmoor. The bowl of Dove Crags is one of the largest glacial combs or cirques in the Lake District, yet has no tarn, but dry hollows noted as curious by. This cavity has originated or been enlarged by a very large landslip (rock slope failure)which over at least the last 20,000 years has been displacing the Liza Beck northwards, narrowing Gasgale Gill valley and provoking the unusually extensive scree slopes of Whiteside.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of the fell lies toward the western end of the summit plateau, marked by a huge sprawling cairn. There are many smaller cairns and the top is characterised by sheep-mown grass.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The obvious way is direct up the screes from Lanthwaite on the Crummock Water road, picking through the rock scenery above to appear on Grasmoor End from the north west. This involves 2,000 ft of ascent in about half a mile. From the same starting point a detour along Liza Beck/ Gasgale Gill can be used to give access to the northern slopes. A way can then be found almost direct to the summit around the rim of Dove Crags. From Rannerdale a choice of routes arises, either climbing the Lad Hows ridge or following Red Gill a little to the west. Finally Coledale Hause can be used to gain the main ridge between Crag Hill and Grasmoor. This can be reached from Lanthwaite or as the first objective of a longer march from Braithwaite in the east. Coledale Hause connects to Hopegill Head and the fells to the north, providing further indirect possibilities.</p><br>
<p>The Jamestown Ferry  is a free automobile and bus ferry service across a navigable portion of the James River in Virginia. It carries State Route 31, connecting Jamestown in James City County with Scotland Wharf in Surry County.</p><br>
<p>The service provides the only vehicle crossing of the river between the James River Bridge downstream at Newport News and the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge upriver near Hopewell. It is toll-free and operated 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). Operations are based at the Scotland Wharf in Surry County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jamestown Ferry service was privately established in 1925. The Commonwealth of Virginia acquired it and the Department of Transportation (VDOT) assumed operations in 1945. It runs it as a state service.</p><br>
<p>The ferryboat Captain John Smith made the first automobile-ferry crossing of the James River on February 26, 1925. The privately owned business was founded by Captain Albert F. Jester. After the Captain John Smith was retired in the early 1950s, the deckhouse was put into adaptive use. For another 50 years, it was used as a private waterside cottage, perched on pilings in the Elizabeth River near Portsmouth. In 2003, the deckhouse was removed and donated to a preservation group in Surry County.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge alternative considerations</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Virginia Bridge Company considered building a bridge at the ferry location in 1928. Replacing the ferry with a bridge is an issue which has been revisited by politicians, transportation officials, and the communities.</p><br>
<p>Periodically a ferry vessel will be out of service for repairs and inspection, and motorists experience delays. Existing alternate routes include the Interstate 664 Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel, the Benjamin Harrison Bridge on Route 106 or the James River Bridge on Route 17.</p><br>
<h2>Current ferry operations</h2><br>
<p>The 15-minute scenic crossing from Glass House Point at Jamestown to the landing at Scotland Wharf is the only 24-hour state-run ferry operation in Virginia. A crew of Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) employees operates the four ferry system: the Pocahontas (70 vehicles), the Williamsburg and the Surry (50 vehicles each), and the Virginia (28 vehicles). Both the Jamestown Ferry and nearby Colonial Parkway are toll-free.</p><br>
<p>Passengers can walk about the boat or go up to an enclosed viewing level. Northbound passengers see Jamestown Island much as the first colonists may have approached it over 400 years ago, on May 13, 1607. Near the northern ferry landing, the replicas of Christopher Newport&#39;s three small ships, Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery, are docked at the Jamestown Settlement.</p><br>
<p>Since July 1, 2004, the Maritime Transportation Security Act has increased security at both the Scotland Wharf and the Jamestown landings. Increased checks have caused some delays in boarding when traffic is heavy. Security screening time should be taken into account when travelers choose the ferry.</p><br>
<h2>Park and Ride bus service</h2><br>
<p>To mitigate rush-hour traffic and delays due to security measures, in October 2007, Williamsburg Area Transit Authority (WATA) began a Park and Ride transit bus service from three stops in Surry County to limited stops at several major points in James City County and Williamsburg. These terminate at the Williamsburg Transportation Center in the downtown area adjacent to the historic area of Colonial Williamsburg. As of October 2016, the route terminates at the Jamestown Settlement, where passengers may transfer to WATA&#39;s Jamestown Route to connect to the Williamsburg Transportation Center.</p><br>
<p>*At the Williamsburg Transportation Center, connections are available with:</p><br>
<p>**Eight other WAT routes covering portions of the city, areas in upper and lower James City County, the Bruton District of York County, and the western tip of Newport News at Lee Hall;</p><br>
<p>**an express route of Hampton Roads Transit (HRT);</p><br>
<p>**intercity bus services from Greyhound Lines (and its Carolina Trailways affiliate); and</p><br>
<p>**intercity passenger rail service by Amtrak.</p><br>
<p>*Surry County stops include Surry Government Center, Surry Community Center, the Surry branch of the Blackwater Regional Library and the VDOT Park and Ride lot near Scotland Wharf.</p><br>
<p>The bus makes three round trips each morning and three each afternoon during peak commuter periods, Monday through Saturday. The daily fare is $3.00 as of October 2016, which includes the cost of any transfers to other WATA routes.</p><br>
<h2>Scotland in Surry County</h2><br>
<p>"Scotland in Surry County" is only a short distance from the Town of Surry and State Route 10, which runs between Richmond and Suffolk. Highway 10 parallels the south bank of the James River, serving Hopewell and Smithfield.</p><br>
<p>Highway 10 provides access to many historical sites, including City Point, Flowerdew Hundred Plantation, Upper Brandon Plantation, Lower Brandon Plantation, Chippokes Plantation State Park, Bacon&#39;s Castle, Smith&#39;s Fort Plantation, and the Isle of Wight County Museum in Smithfield.</p><br>
<h2>Tourists</h2><br>
<p>Tourists heading for Virginia&#39;s Historic Triangle of colonial attractions (Jamestown, Colonial Williamsburg, and Yorktown) and the Colonial Parkway often approach the area from the south by water with a ride aboard one of the Jamestown Ferries.</p><br>
<p>During the busy tourist season, traffic at the ferry often backs up, even at night, causing people to have to wait several ferry cycles to get to the other side. This causes frustration for commuters who use the ferry to get to and from work.</p><br>
<h2>Pop culture references</h2><br>
<p>The Ferry served as the title and subject for Tanya Tucker&#39;s 1972 top-ten country single "The Jamestown Ferry", composed by Curly Putman.</p><br>
<p>Lake Oahe  is a large reservoir behind Oahe Dam on the Missouri River; it begins in central South Dakota and continues north into North Dakota in the United States. The lake has an area of 370,000 acre and a maximum depth of 205 ft. and 1.5 million people visit the reservoir every year. The lake is named for the 1874 Oahe Indian Mission.</p><br>
<p>Species of fish in the reservoir include walleye, northern pike, channel catfish, and smallmouth bass. Chinook Salmon, native to the Pacific Northwest, are artificially maintained in Lake Oahe and are a popular target for anglers. The lake also supports populations of the endangered pallid sturgeon.</p><br>
<p>Lake Oahe begins just north of Pierre, South Dakota and extends nearly as far north as Bismarck, North Dakota. Mobridge, South Dakota is located on the eastern shore of the central portion of the lake. A map centered on Mobridge 45&deg;32&prime;14&Prime;N latitude, 100&deg;25&prime;40&Prime;W longitude probably gives the best view of the extent of the lake. Bridges over Lake Oahe include US Route 212 west of Gettysburg, South Dakota and US Route 12 at Mobridge. The former town of Forest City has been flooded beneath Lake Oahe, about 9 miles west of Gettysburg. Prehistoric archeological sites have been explored in the area, including Molstad Village near Mobridge. It dates to before the emergence of the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan as separate peoples, and has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Both the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation and the Standing Rock Indian Reservation occupy much of the western shoreline of Lake Oahe. Two possible burial sites of Sitting Bull, a Sioux leader, are located along Lake Oahe. One is near Fort Yates, North Dakota, while the other is near Mobridge.</p><br>
<h2>Forced relocation of Native Americans during construction</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation built five large dams on the Missouri River, and implemented the Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program, forcing Native Americans to relocate from flooded areas. Over 200,000 acres on the Standing Rock Reservation and the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota were flooded by the Oahe Dam alone. As of 2015, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas, who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe, and the loss of their traditional ways of life.</p><br>
<h2>Dakota Access Pipeline</h2><br>
<p>Lake Oahe became a point of contention in protests to block the Dakota Access Pipeline. The construction project has been controversial for its environmental impacts, and several Native American tribes in the Dakotas and Iowa have opposed the project. These include several Sioux nations and the Meskwaki. In 2016 a group from the Standing Rock Indian Reservation brought a petition to the USA Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and sued for an injunction to stop the project.</p><br>
<p>On December 4, 2016 USACE denied the easement that "would allow the Dakota Access Pipeline to cross under Lake Oahe" and Jo-Ellen Darcy, the United States Assistant Secretary of the Army "said she based her decision on a need to explore alternate routes for the Dakota Access Pipeline crossing."</p><br>
<p>Darcy said "that the consideration of alternative routes would be best accomplished through an Environmental Impact Statement with full public input and analysis."</p><br>
<p>President Trump soon thereafter issued "a memorandum and an executive order asking the corps to expedite its consideration of the company’s application for an easement to start construction."</p><br>
<p>The USACE subsequently "withdrew its call for the environmental study."</p><br>
<p>On 7 February 2017, the USACE approved an easement through Lake Oahe. On 9 February 2017, the Cheyenne River Sioux filed the first legal challenge to the easement, citing an 1851 treaty and interference with the religious practices of the tribe.</p><br>
<p>Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, founded in 1913 by Andrew W. Mellon and Richard B. Mellon, merged with the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1967 to form Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. While it ceased to exist as a distinct institution, the landmark building bearing its name remains located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Bellefield Avenue in Oakland, the citys university district. It is sited adjacent to The Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute  and the University of Pittsburghs Bellefield Hall and is across Bellefield Avenue from two other local landmarks: the University of Pittsburgh&#39;s Heinz Memorial Chapel and the Cathedral of Learning.</p><br>
<p>Designed by architect Benno Janssen (1874&ndash;1964), it is noted for its neo-classical architecture and elegant construction, with its signature monolithic limestone columns (the largest monolithic columns in the world). Andrew Mellon, who served as United States Secretary of the Treasury, specified to Janssen a building with a monumental ionic colonnade similar to the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. The proportions of Mellon Institute&#39;s street facades are nearly those of the long lateral facade of the Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. Mellon Institute was completed and dedicated posthumously to the Mellon brothers in May 1937.</p><br>
<p>Mellon Institute currently houses the Office of the Dean for Carnegie Mellon University&#39;s Mellon College of Science, as well as the administrative offices and research laboratories for the Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry. From 1986 until 2006, it also housed the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was first established as the Department of Industrial Research at the neighboring University of Pittsburgh. It conducted research for firms on a contractual basis; a company would contract the institute to solve a specific problem, and the institute would then hire an appropriate scientist to do the research. The results of the research then became the property of the contracting company.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the institute was incorporated as a nonprofit, independent research center and planning for a new Mellon Institute building began that same year. When completed in 1937, the institute moved into its new building which sat directly across from the newly completed Cathedral of Learning, and handed its original facility, now known as Allen Hall, back to the University of Pittsburgh. The original design called for two more pillars than architect Janssen decided on. The two extra pillars were buried in the large lawn beside the Cathedral of Learning. The pillars are set to be unburied in 2014 as a new pipe system is installed in the basement of the Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, declining use of independent research institutes for the outsourcing of corporate industrial research led Mellon Institute to merge with the Carnegie Institute of Technology to form Carnegie Mellon University. The "Carnegie Institute of Technology" name was retained to refer to the engineering portion of Carnegie Mellon&#39;s "College of Engineering and Science".</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the American Chemical Society recognized the Mellon Institute as a National Historic Chemical Landmark for its contributions to industrial research and training from its inception in 1913 until its merger with the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Researchers at the Mellon Institute had contributed more than 4,700 papers, 1,600 patents, and other research products, including George O. Curme, Jr.&#39;s discovery of a method for producing acetylene from petroleum that resulted in the production of ethylene and research in organosilicones and the resulting establishment of the Dow Corning Corporation.</p><br>
<p>For decades, the columns of the Mellon Institute building have served as a popular background for photographers shooting Pittsburgh wedding parties.</p><br>
<h2>Fictional portrayals</h2><br>
<p>Exterior shots of the Mellon Institute were used to portray the fictitious Tanner Museum in the series premiere of the short-lived 2006 CBS television drama Smith starring Ray Liotta and Amy Smart.</p><br>
<p>The 1990 film Citizen Cohn starring James Woods used the exterior to depict 1960s-era Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>The 1992 film Hoffa starring Danny DeVito and Jack Nicholson filmed on location to depict Federal Courthouses and other government buildings.</p><br>
<p>The 1992 film Lorenzo&#39;s Oil shows an interior shot of a lecture hall in Mellon Institute.</p><br>
<p>The 2002 film The Mothman Prophecies starring Richard Gere depicted the building as a fictional institute for paranormal studies in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises starring Christian Bale filmed on location to depict "Gotham City Hall".</p><br>
<p>Mount Conner, also known as Attila and Artilla, and occasionally found as Mount Connor, is an Australian mountain located in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, 75 km southeast of Lake Amadeus at the border of the vast Curtin Springs cattle station in Pitjantjatjara country. It reaches to 859 m above sea level and to 300 m above ground level.</p><br>
<p>Mount Conner is a flat-topped and horseshoe-shaped inselberg/mesa, part of the same vast rocky substrate thought to be beneath Uluru/Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta/Olgas. It can easily be confused with Uluru, since it can be seen from the road to Uluru and Kata Tjuta, when approaching from Alice Springs. It was named Mount Conner by William Gosse in 1873 after South Australian politician M. L. Conner.</p><br>
<p>Attila is close to the site of Kungkarangkalpa, the Seven Sisters Dreaming.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mt Conner consists of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones of the Late Ediacaran–Early Cambrian Winnall beds and the Middle Cryogenian–early/mid Ediacaran Inindia beds. The Winnall beds form the upper part of Mt Conner. The summit consists of grey to coarse-grained sandstone with pebble layers and minor beds of pebble conglomerate and siltstone that form a prominent scarp. The Winnall beds that underlie this scarp is a recessive unit composed of dark brown micaceous siltstone, mudstone, and fine-grained sandstone. The lower part of Mt. Conner consists of planar and trough cross-bedded, medium to coarse-grained, grey-brown sandstones, dark brown siltstones, and cherts, of the Inindia beds. The upper part of the Inindia beds are fluvial deposits. The sides of Mt Conner are also blanketed by scree (talus) and its top is blanketed by colluvium. The base of Mt Conner is surrounded by alluvium.</p><br>
<p>The summit of Mt Conner, along with the summits of low domes in the Kata Tjuta complex and summit levels of Uluru, is an erosional remnant of a Cretaceous geomorphic surface. It is considered to a classic example of an inselberg created by erosion of surrounding strata.</p><br>
<p>The Brendon Hills are a range of hills in west Somerset, England. The hills merge level into the eastern side of Exmoor and are included within the Exmoor National Park. The highest point of the range is Lype Hill at 1,388 ft above sea level with a secondary summit several kilometres to the southeast at 1,350 ft. Both points are marked by Ordnance Survey trig points and are located within enclosed farmland. Early versions of the name include Brunedun and Brundon reflecting an original name of Bruna or Brune, meaning brown one. Dun is a common Old English word for a fairly flat and extensive hill. This name is not connected with the village of Brendon in Devon, the name of which has a different origin.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is broken by a series of deeply incised streams and rivers running roughly southwards to meet the River Haddeo, a tributary of the River Exe. The hills are quite heavily cultivated unlike their neighbouring upland areas of Exmoor and the Quantock Hills. The Brendon Hills are largely formed from the Morte Slates, a thick faulted and folded sequence of Devonian age sedimentary rocks. An east-west aligned anticline/syncline pair known as the Brendon Anticline and Brendon Syncline folds these rocks. The fold couplet is itself offset by displacement of the rocks on the NNW-SSE aligned Timberscombe Fault System. Over the centuries they have been mined for minerals, notably ironstone from which iron is extracted for making steel. During the 19th century this activity reached a peak with the West Somerset Mineral Railway, including an 800 ft incline, being built to take the ore to Watchet from where it was sent to Ebbw Vale for smelting. The main mining operations ended when the mines were worked out towards the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The hills are on the route of the Coleridge Way and are also crossed by the Samaritans Way.</p><br>
<p>Shirley Plantation is an estate located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia, USA. It is located on State Route 5, a scenic byway which runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg. Shirley Plantation is the oldest active plantation in Virginia and is the oldest family-owned business in North America, dating back to 1614 with operations starting in 1638. The plantation was added to the National Register in 1969 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lands of Shirley Plantation were first settled in 1613 by Sir Thomas West, 3rd Baron De la Warr and were named West and Sherley Hundred. The land was cultivated for growing tobacco to be shipped around the colonies and to England.</p><br>
<p>In 1638, a portion of this land was granted to Edward Hill, thus beginning the occupation by the Hill family. The original 450 acre plot was expanded by marriage and gradual land acquisition. The land passed to Edward Hill II who was owner during Bacons Rebellion in 1676. He sided with Governor William Berkeley, and Bacons rebels proceeded to plunder his home. The land was then inherited by Edward Hill III in 1700. Edward Hill IIIs only son, Edward Hill IV, died at 16 of consumption, leaving no male heirs. The property reverted to Edward Hill IIIs youngest daughter Elizabeth who married John Carter (eldest son of Robert "King" Carter), in October 1723. The construction of the present mansion and outbuildings began c. 1723. The mansion, called the "Great House", was completed in 1738 and was located close to the original house built by the Hills that became known as the "Hill House". The Hill House stood until the late 1860s, when it was demolished and the building materials were salvaged and used to construct the mansion at Upper Shirley.</p><br>
<p>The house has been occupied by the Hill Carter family since 1738 and has housed eight generations. It was at Shirley that Anne Hill Carter was born, and on 18 June 1793 married Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee in the mansion&#39;s parlor. The couple were later parents of the famous Confederate General Robert E. Lee.</p><br>
<p>The house is largely in its original state and is owned, operated and lived in by direct descendants of Edward Hill I. The house was placed on the National Register in 1969 and recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1970. The upper floors are occupied by members of the eleventh generation of the Hill Carter family, while the bottom floor is open for touring every day from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., and closed on Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The three story "Great House" is constructed in the Georgian style with red brick walls and white trim boards on a square foundation. The house has no actual front door, as both the riverside and courtyard side entrances have a two story portico with Doric columns supporting a pediment. The entrance is located in the center, framed by a pair of long rectangular windows on either side. The hipped roof rests on an entablature containing dentil moldings. The roof is broken up by dormers and two large brick chimneys. In the center of the roof is a white pedestal supporting an overturned pineapple.</p><br>
<p>The house is surrounded by several support buildings, including a two-story kitchen with living quarters for slaves, a two-story laundry with living quarters, a smokehouse, a stable building, an ice house, a large storehouse and a dovecote. These buildings all frame the central house, lending to the majesty of the building and creating a Queen Anne Forecourt.</p><br>
<p>Westover Plantation is a historic colonial tidewater plantation located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. Established in the 1730s, it is the homestead of the Byrd family of Virginia. State Route 5, a scenic byway, runs east-west to the north of the plantation, connecting the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>The plantation has been designated as a National Historic Landmark in the United States, cited for the architectural quality of its early Georgian mansion house and the history of its influential family. In the early years of the Virginia colony, the plantation was one of the sites of the courts of Charles City County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sir John Pawlett, by deeds of lease and release, demised most of Westover Plantation in 1665 to Theodorick Bland of Westover for £170. Bland lived on the property until his death in 1671 and was buried in the chancel of the original Westover Church, which he helped build. His eldest son, Theodorick, inherited the land and joined with his brother, Richard, in its ownership. The brothers eventually conveyed 1,200 acres of the property to William Byrd I in 1688 for £300 and 10,000 pounds of tobacco and cask.</p><br>
<p>The plantation is notable for its 18th-century and later history. The mansion, Westover Plantation, was built in the Georgian style. It was considered the seat of the William Byrd family in Virginia. William Byrd II, the founder of Richmond, was thought to have built the mansion c. 1730. This date was part of the 1960 designation of the house as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>But, since the late 20th century, recent dendrochronologic testing on boards and planks in the house showed that they dated to the 1750s. The house was thus probably built and first occupied by William Byrd III, not his father. The revised construction date has been recognized by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Like the other plantations along the James River, Westover was first devoted to the cultivation of tobacco, the major commodity of colonial Tidewater Virginia. The Byrd family depended on the labor of hundreds of enslaved Africans, as tobacco was a labor-intensive crop. The original grounds included slave quarters. In addition to working as field hands, other slaves worked as domestic servants and skilled artisans of many types. Tobacco cultivation exhausted the soil and, pushed also by changes in markets, in the 19th century planters shifted to mixed crops, which were less labor intensive. As development of the Deep South ensued, planters in the Upper South sold "excess" slaves in the domestic slave trade, which continued to the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Westover was used as headquarters of the Union Fifth Corps and one of the wings burned during this time. After the death of William Byrd III&#39;s widow in 1814, Westover was sold out of the Byrd family. Mrs. Clarise Sears Ramsey, a Byrd descendent, purchased the property in 1899 from Agustus Harrison Drewry who had acquired the property in 1866 in a swap for land that had once been "Sheffield". Since then, Westover has had three subsequent owners.</p><br>
<p>At that time, it was acquired by United States diplomat Richard Teller Crane, II, who restored the mansion and grounds. The site was damaged by Hurricane Isabel in 2003. Ten feet of riverbank, a 250-year-old road, and a 150-year-old poplar from the south lawn were eroded into the river during the storm.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is noteworthy for its symmetry and balance of proportions, secret passages, magnificent gardens, and architectural details. The grounds and garden are open 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily, but the house is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The San Jacinto River  runs from Lake Houston in Harris County, Texas, to Galveston Bay. In the past, it was home to the Karankawa and Akokisa tribes. It is named after Saint Hyacinth.</p><br>
<p>The two forks of the San Jacinto River are known as the East and West Forks. The west fork of the San Jacinto River feeds Lake Conroe and flows south through Montgomery County to meet with the east fork in northeast Harris County to form Lake Houston. The east fork begins in San Jacinto County, north of the Sam Houston National Forest. Tributaries of both forks begin within just a few miles of Lake Livingston, a reservoir on the Trinity River. The east fork flows south through Cleveland in Liberty County, Montgomery County, and into the north end of Lake Houston. Continuing southward, the river merges with Buffalo Bayou before the mouth at Galveston Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of San Jacinto was fought near the rain-swollen Buffalo Bayou in what is now Harris County during the 1836 Texas Revolution. The decisive victory gave rise to the Republic of Texas. The site is now a state historic park. The park is the site of the San Jacinto Monument.</p><br>
<p>In October 1994, flooding along the San Jacinto River led to the failure of eight petroleum products pipelines, and the undermining of a number of other pipelines. The escaping products were ignited, leading to smoke inhalation and/or burn injuries of 547 people.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the EPA added the San Jacinto River waste pits to the federal Superfund cleanup list.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, flooding related to Hurricane Harvey damaged the protective barrier at the San Jacinto River Waste Pits site, releasing dioxins into the river. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ordered International Paper and McGinnis Industrial Maintenance Corp to pay $115 million to clean up the contaminated site.</p><br>
<p>The Desjardins Canal, named after its promoter Pierre Desjardins, was built to give Dundas, Ontario, easier access to Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes system of North America. Although a technological achievement and a short term commercial success, the canal was soon eclipsed by the railway, and Dundas by neighbouring Hamilton.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<p>Following the US Revolutionary War the British government felt an urgent need to populate the interior of the province of Upper Canada. The immediate concern was to find a refuge for Loyalists forced from their previous homes in the United States. After the early settlement of Kingston and the lower St. Lawrence River, and the establishment of Butler’s Rangers and others in the Niagara peninsula, the possibility also existed for Loyalist communities at the head of Lake Ontario.</p><br>
<p>Another priority was the need to accelerate the settlement of the unoccupied areas in western Upper Canada in order to provide a buffer zone between that province and the United States in the event of further hostilities. Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe hoped to achieve this by offering free 200-acre (80 ha) grants of land in the interior of the province to prospective settlers regardless of nationality. It had been expected that this would entice from the United States immigrants who would become loyal citizens and add to the province’s defensive capability. However land in the Ohio Territory and western New York proved more to their liking.</p><br>
<p>In order to make the area more attractive, Simcoe wished to open transportation arteries between the interior of the province and the shipping corridor provided by Lake Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River. Not only would these support commercial services for the expanding population and economy of the new territory, they would also serve military purposes, routing traffic away from areas controlled by the United States.</p><br>
<p>The story of the area around the head of the lake during the early 19th century is one of competition between the towns of Dundas, Ancaster and Hamilton to service this increased trade and achieve economic supremacy. Each town had its unique advantages and disadvantages which might make it more or less attractive to prospective businessmen and settlers. Ancaster had an abundance of fertile land, streams adequate to power mills, and a population of nearly two thousand people. However, in order for an industrial economy to develop, easy access to Lake Ontario was critical. As Ancaster did not border on the lake, in the 1820s and 1830s Dundas, with better water access, an established commercial centre, a relatively stable industrial base and available water power eclipsed it in size and importance. However Dundas in turn was challenged by Hamilton.</p><br>
<p>In 1816 the district of Gore had been created at the head of the lake amid jockeying over the selection of the district town. The previous year George Hamilton, then living in Queenston, had decided to move away from the border with the United States due to concern about further conflict. Well-connected (his father had been a member of the Legislative Council and an extensive landowner), he was aware that a new district was to be established and purchased a substantial amount of land in the area from James Durand. Within a year Hamilton had been selected as the district town. The Desjardins Canal was the centerpiece of Dundas’ efforts to adjust to this development and preserve its early status as the industrial hub of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Early Manoeuvring</h2><br>
<p>Access to Lake Ontario from the mainland was made more difficult by the topography of the area, which included a large sandbar, a natural sand and gravel barrier, across Burlington Bay. A water outlet to the lake through a depression in the sandbar existed but it was intermittent and quite near the water’s surface with clearance of two to three feet, allowing only small boats and bateaux to pass through. For any other type of craft it was necessary for the cargo to be unloaded, carried across the barrier, and then reloaded on another vessel for further handling.</p><br>
<p>Because of this obstacle to any commercial shipping entering the bay from Lake Ontario all parties had an interest in seeing the barrier breached. Restricted access to Burlington Bay was a concern for reasons other than the usual commercial ones. One involved vessel safety, as access to a protected harbor had obvious advantages in the event of lake storms. There were also military considerations. Since action on the Niagara Peninsula could be expected in any future war with the United States, warships sheltering in Burlington Bay could be protected by land-based guns.</p><br>
<p>An added incentive was the fact that the liberalization of the British Navigation Acts in the 1820s meant that certain USA products could be exported from Canada as though they had originated there, allowing the USA Midwest to share in Colonial preferences and attracting additional trade from this source. Improved access to the lake from the entrepôts at the limits of land transportation was required in order for the scheme to achieve its full potential. However, with the road network in the province at that time being dismal at best, improving water transportation, was seen as vital to economic growth.</p><br>
<p>It was in this context that the government of Upper Canada authorized in 1823 the construction of a canal through the sandbar. In 1826 the passage was completed, allowing schooners to sail right up to Hamilton’s doorstep. Hamilton then became a major port and quickly expanded as a center of trade and commerce. Access to the hinterland through Dundas was still easier as the Dundas Valley offered a natural route up the Niagara Escarpment, yet its major problem, difficult passage of goods and produce through the marsh, still existed. The two most influential people in the effort to ensure that Dundas got its share of increased trade with the interior were Richard Hatt and Peter Desjardins.</p><br>
<h2>The Key Players</h2><br>
<p>Richard Hatt emigrated from England to Canada in 1792, settling first at Niagara and moving, possibly as early as 1796, to Ancaster. In 1798 Hatt and his brother built his so-called “Red Mill” in Ancaster and cleared a road from there to Dundas in order to attract customers. However success in Ancaster was limited and he soon focused his attention on Spencer Creek in the Dundas area, which not only had ample water to power a mill but also potentially better access to Lake Ontario and the interior of the province.</p><br>
<p>In 1800 Hatt purchased land for a flour mill in Dundas. Recognizing the need for facilities near the inlet to the marsh, where cargoes were loaded and unloaded because of the lack of water clearance over the sandbar, he petitioned for land to build a storehouse and wharf. This request was granted in 1804. He expanded his holdings by building warehouses on both Burlington beach and in Cootes Paradise (the early name for Dundas). He also funded the clearing of debris from Spencer Creek and the deepening of portions of the channel between Burlington beach and Dundas.</p><br>
<p>Hatt saw the benefits of controlling not only the milling operation but also the transportation of goods to and from the area. In 1809 he received approval to deepen the channel through the village of Coote’s Paradise to the wharf at his mill. By 1808 he owned all the water rights and mills from Webster’s Falls to Main Street in Dundas and in that year cleared a path through the marsh, which was used until the canal opened in 1837. Hatt set in place the initial plans and facilities from which the Desjardins Canal would later emerge. When he died in 1819 he was one of the wealthiest men in Upper Canada, having an interest in over 10,000 acre of land, several farms and a number of industries along Spencer Creek. On his death his business empire was divided. His waterway, storage and bateau interests were acquired by Pierre (Peter) Desjardins while his milling interests and water rights were taken over by others.</p><br>
<p>Desjardins, who was born in France, came to Canada in 1792. Following his arrival he worked in several locations, from 1812 serving as a clerk for Richard Hatt while Hatt was away campaigning. He held this position until Hatt’s death in 1819, then becoming a partner with William Lyon Mackenzie in a warehouse on the bank of Spencer Creek. Desjardins saw the considerable benefits possible if access from the lake to Dundas were improved. He was primarily interested in developing a canal between his property and Burlington Bay but also promoted related schemes, including a second canal (never built) extending from the Desjardins Canal in Dundas to Lake Huron. The proposal would have allowed the Desjardins Canal a direct water access to the western areas of both Canada and the United States and might have proved financially attractive, if technically viable. However, by this time the Erie Canal was completed and the Welland Canal was well on its way so undoubtedly the competition was seen to be too great, considering the late start.</p><br>
<h2>The Search for Support</h2><br>
<p>In 1820 Desjardins had petitioned the government for a lot on Spencer Creek as well as for a small island in front of the lot. He planned to build a storehouse beside Spencer Creek, deepen the creek to make a channel from the town to the marsh and cut a channel through the marsh to allow access of larger boats from Lake Ontario. The government was far from being solidly behind the project but was willing to let Desjardins go ahead on an experimental basis as long as in case of failure no risk would be transferred to the province. Desjardins’ proposal to provide access for “sloops and small vessels” was endorsed by local business leaders and approved by an order-in-council Nov 14, 1820, with the injunction that Desjardins could not charge tolls for access to the properties.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, during the 1820s there was a serious depression and a reversal in the flour trade. For three years Desjardins circulated a prospectus to draw in capital but was unsuccessful. In spite of this he persevered and made substantial progress using his own resources. In 1825 a group of local incorporators, seeing in the canal a means of directing additional business to themselves and increasing the value of their real estate holdings, applied for a charter to build the canal. A joint stock company was planned.</p><br>
<p>Royal assent to the formation of the corporation was given on January 30, 1826. Eight hundred shares of capital stock were authorized at a price of £12 10 0 for a projected capitalization of £10,000. The parliamentary approval provided for a fifty-year lease, with title to revert to the Crown after that period subject to reimbursement to the stockholders of the value of their holdings. Desjardins was granted land including a lot on North Quay Street in Coote’s Paradise, a piece of land on the bank of the creek in front of the lot and a small island in the creek itself.</p><br>
<p>However Desjardins did not live to see the results of his efforts. The costs that he personally incurred to get the Desjardins Canal project under way exhausted his assets and credit. He had hoped to be reimbursed when investor capital began to flow but instead was required by the agreement with the province to accept canal stock for one half of his expenditures and security (a provincial bond) for the other half. No actual cash was forthcoming. By 1827 he was forced to offer his house and some land for sale in order to finance work on the canal.</p><br>
<p>Peter Desjardins died on September 7, 1827, from injuries received while collecting amounts owing for stock in the Desjardins Canal. When his horse returned without a rider a search was made and Desjardins’ body was discovered. An inquest was inconclusive and finally ruled that Desjardins had “Died by the visitation of God”. There were no witnesses to the event and the cause of death was never truly known.</p><br>
<h2>Project Progress</h2><br>
<p>The project to build Desjardins Canal continued for ten years, from 1827 to 1837. It was a local operation with limited objectives and attracted financial backers and political support almost exclusively from within Upper Canada. In this it contrasted with such projects as the Welland Canal, the completion of which was of international importance, and whose individual backers were largely from outside the province.</p><br>
<p>Once work on the Desjardins Canal had begun in earnest it was necessary to recruit a supply of workers. Although canal labourers were much in demand due to the many projects previously alluded to, still wages were low, fluctuating around two to three shillings per day, an amount barely sufficient for a family’s basic needs. The Desjardins Canal Company hired labourers directly for some tasks, for others dealing with contractors who would then recruit the labour force themselves.</p><br>
<p>Attracting capital was a continuing problem for the company. Available records do not indicate that at any time more than 70-80% of the authorized shares were subscribed or that more than £6000 (out of an authorized £10000) was raised in this way. A limited amount of money came from canal operations (tolls) but for the bulk of the needed capital other sources were required. Government financial support was continually necessary to prop up the company. The early 1830s were especially bleak.</p><br>
<p>However work continued in spite of all the difficulties that the project had endured, and by 1837 the company was able to put the final touches on the canal. For that year the company’s financial statements recorded income of close to £6000 of which the majority, £5,000, was from a government loan. £166 was received from canal tolls in 1837, the first year for which any operating income was recorded. The canal was officially opened and dedicated on August 16, 1837 to great celebration and hoopla. Steamers brought revelers to Dundas from Hamilton for concerts and an evening dinner.</p><br>
<h2>The Canal at Mid-Century</h2><br>
<p>Dundas experienced significantly increased prosperity once the canal had opened. Since flour could now be shipped more cheaply the local mills prospered. Shipments of lumber-based products of all types increased. Once the canal had provided an outlet to the lake, local manufacturers could sell to a broader market. As money flowed into the area the town was able to accumulate capital to finance the growth of local industries. The population, which had been 800 in 1836, had increased to 2000 by this time. Soon sailing vessels were being built in the turning basin.</p><br>
<p>In spite of the economic benefits that the canal was generating, however, the company continued to struggle with technical and financial problems. Repairs and improvements were necessary in order to make canal operations viable on an ongoing basis but sufficient money was not available from private sources, or from canal operations. There were, however, some bright spots. Increased imports of coal and pig iron through the canal were indicative of the fact that an industrial economy was developing in Dundas. Imports of merchandise rapidly increased as the population grew, the economy developed, and people had more money to spend.</p><br>
<p>By the beginning of the 1850s the citizens of Dundas had reason to feel optimistic about their town. In 1849 14,000 tons of produce had been shipped via the Desjardins Canal, a reflection of the importance of the canal in supporting the export trade of the area. The construction of a road network connecting Dundas with the back country was also accelerated by the incorporation of the Paris and Dundas Road Company. The Desjardins Canal Company was able to keep the canal operational by means of a scaled down dredging operation.</p><br>
<p>Along the canal a warehouse 120 by 100 ft described as one of the largest in British North America was nearing completion and had already been rented by a Toronto firm. There were several other warehouses on the margin of the canal and it was not uncommon to ship more than 100,000 barrels of flour yearly through the port. However the coming of railway service to Hamilton caused added complications and the competition finally doomed the canal.</p><br>
<h2>The End of the Road</h2><br>
<p>The first railway in Canada was the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, built in 1836 in Lower Canada to connect ports on the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers. The potential for railroad transportation in Upper Canada was quickly recognized and almost immediately the Desjardins Canal Company was forced to deal with this new source of competition. Railways came on stream rapidly during the mid-1850s but the one that had the most impact on Dundas and the Desjardins Canal was the Great Western Railway connecting Niagara Falls and Windsor through Hamilton, Dundas and London. This development was good news for the province as a whole but, as the lines serviced areas on which the Desjardins Canal depended for much of its traffic, they had a negative impact on the canal company.</p><br>
<p>While the canal continued to provide benefits to Dundas, its problems did not abate. Chief among them were financial issues as the canal continued to be unable to generate sufficient operating income to remain viable. Competition from the railroads, and from the network of roads allowing improved travel between producers and consumers, certainly contributed to this. Another factor was that, with the development of steam-based power technology, it became possible to locate industry away from sources of water power. This, along with the availability of waterfront access not dependent on the vagaries of the Desjardins Canal, accelerated the growth of industry on Hamilton’s bay shore to the detriment of Dundas.</p><br>
<p>All this was exacerbated by squabbling between the railroad, road and canal companies about bridge construction and rights-of-way. As the canal cut through the shortest route between Toronto and Hamilton for both rail and road traffic it was necessary to bridge the gap in some way in order to accommodate land-based traffic. Conflict over the years centered over whether to build a low level bridge (cheaper but with the potential to block canal traffic, and difficult for trains to use) or a high level one (more expensive but providing a straight and level base for train traffic). The bridges also presented safety issues, most notably in 1857 when a derailment which killed 59 people received wide attention.</p><br>
<p>Protracted negotiations between the contending companies went led nowhere and finally the Desjardins Canal Company was offered $10,000 if they would close the canal down. However the town of Dundas had become the canal’s principal mortgage holder, with a $52,000 stake in the canal, and as income from future tolls was the only apparent way by which this debt could be discharged, the offer was refused. To protect their interest the town seized the canal to settle the mortgage and applied to the government for relief from canal debts. This was granted in 1873. However the bridges were still perceived to be in an unstable condition and this, along with rapidly dropping canal revenues, caused the town to reverse its position and agree to close the canal subject to payments of $35,000 each from both the road company and the railway company in lieu of any claims.</p><br>
<p>For all practical purposes the canal had ceased to have a serious commercial future once a low level road bridge was constructed in 1869, denying access to most lake schooners. Writing in 1875 a local historian commented on “The ill-fated Desjardins canal. It is now seldom used except by raftsmen for the purpose of floating timber into Burlington Bay, or sometimes by the people of Dundas who might use the small boat Argylle for the purpose of convening pleasure parties to Rock Bay or other points along the shore.”</p><br>
<p>In 1876 the canal company was liquidated. The canal was turned over to the Crown as required by the original incorporation agreement and became a public work. However the provincial government, then as in the past, had no interest in equity ownership and the canal was placed under the control and management of the town of Dundas by an Order in Council on April 25, 1877. In October of that year full ownership was transferred to the town by two additional Orders in Council. In 1878 a canal committee was struck by Dundas, the canal was dredged again, tolls were revised and advertisements for business published. However this was to little avail and in 1895 direct rail service to Dundas was inaugurated, finally ending any dreams of commercial potential for the Desjardins Canal. Today, its remains can be seen north of Cootes Drive in east Dundas and in the rotting logs in the shallows of Cootes Paradise. As part of the renaissance in the area, the city of Hamilton established a walking path along the former canal.</p><br>
<p>Lake Amadeus is a large salt lake in the southwest corner of Australia&#39;s Northern Territory, about 50 km north of Uluru . The smaller Lake Neale is adjacent to the northwest. It is part of  the Amadeus Basin that was filled with the erosion products of the Petermann Orogeny.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features and nearby landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Due to the aridity of the area, the surface of Lake Amadeus is usually a dry salt crust. In times of sufficient rainfall, it is part of an east-flowing drainage system that eventually connects to the Finke River.</p><br>
<p>Lake Amadeus is 180 km long and 10 km wide, making it the largest salt lake in the Northern Territory.</p><br>
<p>Lake Amadeus contains up to 600 million tonnes of salt; however, harvesting it has not proved viable, owing to its remote location.</p><br>
<p>Nearby landmarks are Uluru, Kata Tjuta (previously called The Olgas), and Mount Conner.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery by Europeans</h2><br>
<p>The first European to discover the lake, the explorer Ernest Giles, encountered it in 1872. Giles originally intended to honour his benefactor Baron Ferdinand von Mueller with the eponym Lake Ferdinand. However, Mueller prevailed upon Giles to instead honour King Amadeo I of Spain (reigned 1870-1873, known in English as King Amadeus I), who had previously bestowed honour on him. The lakes expanse proved a barrier for Giles, who could see both the as yet undiscovered Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta but could not reach them as the dry lake bed wasnt able to support the weight of his horses.</p><br>
<p>The next year, William Gosse climbed and named both rises.</p><br>
<p>The Fisher Building is a landmark skyscraper located at 3011 West Grand Boulevard in the heart of the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan. The ornate building, completed in 1928, is one of the major works of architect Albert Kahn, and is designed in an Art Deco style, constructed of limestone, granite, and several types of marble. The Fisher family financed the building with proceeds from the sale of Fisher Body to General Motors. It was designed to house office and retail space.</p><br>
<p>The building, which contains the elaborate 2,089-seat Fisher Theatre, was designated a National Historic Landmark on 29 June 1989. It also houses the headquarters for the Detroit Public Schools.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Initially, architect Joseph Nathaniel French of Albert Kahn Associates planned for a complex of three buildings, with two 30-story structures flanking a 60-story tower. However, the Great Depression kept the project at one tower.</p><br>
<p>The Fisher brothers located the building across from the General Motors Building, now Cadillac Place, as General Motors recently purchased the Fisher Body Company. The two massive buildings spurred the development of a New Center for the city, a business district north of its downtown area.</p><br>
<p>The buildings hipped roof was originally covered with gold leaf tiles, but during World War II these tiles were covered in asphalt because it was feared that the reflective surface would attract enemy bombers. After the war, the asphalt could not be removed from the gold tiles without harming them, so they were replaced with green tiles. Since the 1980s, these tiles have been illuminated at night with colored lights to give them a gold appearance. On St. Patricks Day, the lights are changed to green and, in recent years, to celebrate the NHL playoffs, the tower is illuminated with red lights in honor of the Detroit Red Wings.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, Tri-Star Development purchased the Fisher Building and adjoining New Center Building for approximately $20 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, Farbman Group, a real estate firm based in Southfield, purchased the two buildings from TrizecHahn Corporation for $31 million. Farbman Group lost the buildings to its lender in 2015.</p><br>
<p>In June 2015, Southfield-based developer Redico LLC, in partnership with HFZ Capital Group of New York City and others, taking advantage of the general decline in Detroit real estate values, purchased the Fisher Building and adjacent Albert Kahn Building, plus 2,000 parking spaces in two parking structures and three surface lots in New Center for only $12.2 million at auction. Redico said the partnership plans to transform the two buildings, which are connected by an underground pedestrian concourse, into what it called a "true urban" mixed-use development, with a mix of office, retail, residential and entertainment uses. The multi-year project has a potential cost of $70 million to $80 million in addition to the purchase price.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Fisher Building rises 30 stories with a roof height of 428 ft, a top floor height of 339 ft, and the spire reaching 444 ft. The building has 21 elevators. Albert Kahn and Associates designed the building with Joseph Nathaniel French serving as chief architect. French took inspiration from Eliel Saarinens Tribune Tower design of 1922, seen in the emphasis on verticality and the stepped-back upper stories. The building is unlike any other Albert Kahn production. It has been called "Detroits largest art object".</p><br>
<p>In 1929, the Architectural League of New York honored the Fisher Building with a silver medal in architecture. The opulent three-story barrel vaulted lobby is constructed with forty different kinds of marble, decorated by Hungarian artist Géza Maróti, and is highly regarded by architects. The sculpture on the exterior of the building was supplied by several sculptors including Maróti, Corrado Parducci, Anthony De Lorenzo and Ulysses Ricci.</p><br>
<h2>Radio</h2><br>
<p>Designs called for two flagpoles atop the gilt roof. While they were installed, they were essentially unusable as a radio antenna was installed when one of the buildings oldest tenants, radio station WJR, leased space in December 1928. On-air hosts often mention that broadcasts originate "from the golden tower of the Fisher Building." This was a requirement of the stations original lease in exchange for a nominal rent. Two other radio stations, WDVD-FM (the former WJR-FM) and WDRQ-FM, also have broadcast studios in the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, building employees discovered a storage room sealed with tape. None of the staff knew what the room contained or why it was sealed. When they located the key, they found the flags of 75 nations that apparently were created in 1928 and intended to be flown for foreign visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Fisher Theatre</h2><br>
<p>The building also is home to the Fisher Theatre, one of Detroit&#39;s oldest live theatre venues. The theatre, designed by the Chicago-based architectural firm of Anker S. Graven & Arthur G. Mayger, originally featured a lavish Aztec-themed interior in the Mayan Revival style, and once had Mexican-Indian art, banana trees, and live macaws that its patrons could feed. After the Depression, the theatre operated primarily as a movie house until 1961. Originally containing 3,500 seats, the interior was renovated into a 2,089-seat playhouse that allowed for more spacious seating and lobbies for patrons at a cost of $3,500,000. The decor was changed to a simple mid-century design (which some feel is now far more "dated" in appearance than the grandiose art deco foyer). The "new" Fisher Theatre opened October 2, 1961 and is owned and operated by the Nederlander Organization. It primarily features traveling productions of Broadway shows and has hosted numerous out-of-town tryouts.</p><br>
<p>Pre-Broadway Engagements at the Fisher:</p><br>
<p>1961: The Gay Life</p><br>
<p>1962: No Strings, Oliver!</p><br>
<p>1963: Here&#39;s Love, Jennie, Hello, Dolly!</p><br>
<p>1964: Foxy, Fiddler on the Roof, Golden Boy, I Had a Ball</p><br>
<p>1965: Pleasures and Palaces, Pickwick, Sweet Charity</p><br>
<p>1966: Pousse-Café, Walking Happy</p><br>
<p>1967: Illya Darling, Henry, Sweet Henry</p><br>
<p>1968: I&#39;m Solomon, Maggie Flynn</p><br>
<p>1969: La Strada</p><br>
<p>1970: Applause, The Rothschilds</p><br>
<p>1973: Seesaw, Gigi</p><br>
<p>1996: Big</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>Befitting the Fisher Building&#39;s history in association with art, three nationally recognized fine-art galleries have occupied space in the structure including the Gertrude Kasle Gallery and London Fine Arts Group.</p><br>
<p>Gertrude Kasle Gallery: Located in Suite 310 of the Fisher Building from 1965-1976 was a nationally recognized fine-art gallery hosting exhibits for some of the most highly respected artists of the second half of the 20th century including Willem de Kooning, Jim Dine, Helen Frankenthaler, Robert Goodnough, Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston, Grace Hartigan, Ian Hornak, Ray Johnson, Robert Motherwell, Lowell Nesbitt, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg and Jack Tworkov.</p><br>
<p>London Fine Arts Group: Located in a large portion of the third floor of the Fisher Building during the 1970s and 1980s, London Fine Arts Group acted as an internationally recognized publishing company assisting in producing limited edition art works for many internationally recognized artists including Yaacov Agam, Karel Appel, Arman, Romare Bearden, Gene Davis, Don Eddy, Alberto Giacometti, Ian Hornak, Lester Johnson, Alex Katz, Richard Lindner, Roberto Matta, Lowell Nesbitt, Robert Rauschenberg, Donald Sultan, Victor Vasarely and Larry Zox.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>Detroit Public Schools</p><br>
<p>4th floor: Department of State and Federal Programs (Suite 450)</p><br>
<p>6th floor: Office of the Secretary of the Board of Education</p><br>
<p>9th floor:</p><br>
<p>* Office of Athletics</p><br>
<p>* Office of Literacy</p><br>
<p>* Multilingual-Multicultural Education in DPS (Suite 119)</p><br>
<p>* Office of Specialized Student Services (Special Education)</p><br>
<p>* Office of Innovation</p><br>
<p>10th floor:</p><br>
<p>* Division of Talent (Human Resources)</p><br>
<p>* Division of Labor Relations</p><br>
<p>* Division of Technology and Information Services (Suit 1000)</p><br>
<p>11th floor:</p><br>
<p>* Division of Finance</p><br>
<p>* Payroll Department</p><br>
<p>* Office of Risk Management (Suite 1100)</p><br>
<p>14th floor: Main Administration</p><br>
<p>* Office of the Emergency Manager</p><br>
<p>* Office of the Inspector General</p><br>
<p>* Operations Group</p><br>
<p>Girl Scouts of Southeastern Michigan</p><br>
<p>1st Floor: Council Shop</p><br>
<p>5th Floor: Office</p><br>
<p>Lough Conn  is a lake in County Mayo, Ireland and covers about 14,000 acres . With its immediate neighbour to the south, Lough Cullin, it is connected to the Atlantic by the River Moy. Lough Conn is noted for its trout and salmon fishing.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of a priory exist at Errew Abbey.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>In Gaelic mythology, various accounts are given of the origin of the name.</p><br>
<p>In one account, Lough Conn was created when Fionn mac Cumhaill was hunting with his hounds; Conn and Cullin. They came across a wild boar. Finn and the hounds attempted to chase it. However, as the boar ran, water poured from its feet. The hounds ran ahead of Finn and evenally Conn was ahead of Cullin. Conn chased the boar for days until a lake appeared. The boar swam back to land but Conn was drowned. This happened again in the south to Cullin.</p><br>
<p>According to another account, the name means in Irish “the lake of the hounds”. The story is that the fierce hounds of the chieftain Modh pursued a wild pig into the lake, where they drowned.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The lake is connected to Lough Cullin by a channel that passes under the R310 regional road at Pontoon. The River Deel flows into Lough Conn and exits Lough Cullin at its southern end near Foxford, joining the River Moy which discharges into the Atlantic at Killala Bay.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sugarloaf, also known as Great Sugar Loaf, is a mountain in the lower Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia, overlooking the cities of Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, Cessnock and Maitland. The summit of the mountain is in the Lake Macquarie suburb of West Wallsend and access to the summit is gained via this suburb. However, the mountain itself is also part of the city of Cessnock suburbs Mulbring and Richmond Vale. It is home to television transmitters that broadcast to the lower Hunter region. On 18 and 19 July 1965, the mountain received 10 cm of snow. It also snowed on the summit in the winter of 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Television transmitters</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has two broadcast transmission towers. Since the 1960s their main function has been to transmit analogue television on VHF. In the 1990s two UHF analogue stations began to transmit from there. Since 2003, they have also been transmitting digital television in the UHF band (all digital television in the lower Hunter is on UHF). The analogue television transmitters (VHF and UHF) were switched off in November 2012. One tower, built to transmit the original VHF analogue television services of NBN Television on VHF Channel 3, transmits NBN and two government digital TV services. It is commonly referred to as the "NBN Tower". The second tower is transmitting the other two commercial digital (UHF) TV stations. The second tower is controlled by Broadcast Australia, being formerly run by the National Transmission Authority. There are many other radio antennae on these towers, including those belonging to Amateur Radio repeater and beacon stations.</p><br>
<h2>Smaller tower</h2><br>
<p>There is a third smaller tower that has many directional antennae, mainly used for telecommunications, but also for two way radio for emergency services and other similar purposes. It has Telstra markings on much of the equipment and sheds.</p><br>
<p>The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is believed to be the oldest house in Romney and the oldest public office building in the USA state of West Virginia. An assemblage of three separate buildings—a kitchen, a dwelling and an office—the Mytinger House, as it is commonly known, was built during colonial times probably dating from the 1740s to the 1780s, although there are no records to indicate the exact dates.</p><br>
<p>According to records in the Hampshire County Courthouse, Colonel George Wilson received a patent on this property from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1763. George Wilson was a major in the Hampshire County Militia during the French and Indian War and was praised by George Washington for his zeal and bravery. Wilson was also the leader in whipping up sentiment for the Revolution and became Lieutenant Colonel in the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. He died during the long march the Pennsylvanians made in late winter, 1777, to join Washington in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Wilsons daughter, Mary Ann, married another patriot, Andrew Wodrow. Wodrow had set up a thriving import business in the 1770s, but threw over his business rather than handle English goods. He put his stock of goods up for public auction and sent the profits to Boston to aid patriots there. He then became the clerk of the Revolutionary Committee in King George County, Virginia. In 1782, Wodrow was assigned by the new Commonwealth of Virginia to come to Hampshire County to take over authority as Clerk of the Court from Fairfaxs man. He remained in that position until his death in 1814. It was during this time that he built the office; and he went to great expense to add beauty and dignity to this building, which is still evident today. Gone now from the property is the old log house where George Washington spent the night on October 9, 1770, during his last visit to Romney.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the three remaining buildings is representative of a time period spanning much of the early history and development of Romney. The architectural style and construction of the dwelling (second house) is very much like examples found in sections of Tidewater Maryland, that date about 1730. Whatever its origins, the building would have been an expensive and pretentious structure for the area and time. The half-timbered construction with brick nogging, the double brick chimneys with connecting pent, and the medieval floor plan are features not associated with what is now West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Wodrow&#39;s office is considered to be the oldest office in the state used as a public office. It is outstanding today for its paneled walls and woodwork that are reminiscent of a style prevalent in Williamsburg. The building must have been most impressive to the people of Hampshire County in the 1780s.</p><br>
<p>For the next 170 years the property was owned by such people as John McDowell, Wodrows son-in-law; Dr. McClintoch, one of Romneys first physicians; the Mytinger family, in whose hands the property remained for 100 years; Manning Williams, who was responsible for the restoration work; the Herbert Stelling family; and is now owned by Tom Stump, Lowell Hott, and Dottie Eddis.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Kawaweogama Lake is a lake in the James Bay drainage basin in Unorganized Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada, about 35 km east of the community of Savant Lake on Ontario Highway 516, 80 km west of Armstrong on Ontario Highway 527, and 210 km northwest of Thunder Bay. Except for the northwestern shore, the lake is encompassed by Brightsand River Provincial Park.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The lake is the end of the western branch of the Brightsand River arriving from the direction of Seseganaga Lake and immediately from Sunray Lake; the inflow is at the southwest. The outlet channel at the north combines with the eastern branch of the Brightsand River arriving as the outlet from McEwan Lake to form the river Allan Water. The Allan Water flows via the Ogoki River and Albany River to James Bay.</p><br>
<p>There is one named island in the lake, Star Island. The line of an esker runs intermittently north-south through the east side of the lake, the continuation of an esker on land to the north of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>The community of Allanwater Bridge is just beyond the north end of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Allanwater Bridge railway station is at Allanwater Bridge. It is on the Canadian National Railway (CN) transcontinental main line where it crosses the river Allan Water, and is a stop on Via Rail&#39;s Canadian train service. The CN mainline also crosses the northern tip of the lake west of Allanwater Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Khatanga River  is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia. It begins at the confluence of the rivers Kotuy and Kheta. The Khatanga River is 227 km long; the area of its basin is 364,000 km&sup2;. It flows into the Khatanga Gulf of the Laptev Sea, forming an estuary. There are more than 112,000 lakes, with a total surface area of 11,600 km&sup2;, in the basin of the river.</p><br>
<p>The Khatanga River freezes up in late September&ndash;early October and breaks up in early June. Its main tributaries are the Nizhnyaya River, Bludnaya River, Popigay River, Novaya River, and Malaya Balakhnya. The Khatanga River teems with different kinds of fish, including ryapushka, omul, muksun, white salmon, taimen, loach, and others. The river is navigable. The river port of Khatanga is located on the river.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Russian fur traders first reached the Khatanga about 1611.</p><br>
<p>Nea Filadelfeia  is a suburb of Athens, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Filadelfeia-Chalkidona, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 2.850 km. It was named after the Anatolian city Filadelfeia, now Alaşehir in Turkey, and it was settled by Greek refugees from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish War .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nea Filadelfeia is a suburb of Athens, 6 km north of the city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with that of Athens and the surrounding suburbs Nea Chalkidona, Agioi Anargyroi, Acharnes, Metamorfosi and Nea Ionia. Motorway 1 (Athens - Thessaloniki) and Greek National Road 1 pass through the town.</p><br>
<p>Nea Filadelfeia has a large park, Alsos Neas Filadelfias, which covers 0.48 km&sup2;. The park formerly hosted a large zoo.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Nea Filadelfeia has 9 primary schools, 4 secondary schools (one of them is athletic type) and 3 high schools. Among them is the.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Nea Filadelfeia hosts the famous clubs AEK and Ionikos Nea Filadelfeia. AEK sports club was established in Nea Filadelfeia in 1924. In particular, the Nikos Goumas Stadium was the home ground of AEK F.C. from 1930 to 2003. The Ionikos Nea Filadelfeia sports club is renowned in Greece and abroad for its handball, volleyball and basketball achievements.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Nea Filadelfeia, like most of Athens, has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. Winters are mild with mean January temperatures above 8 &deg;C, while summers can be particularly hot with mean maximum July temperatures in their mid 30 &deg;Cs. Nea Filadelfeia is notorious in Greece for its summer heat; according to H.N.M.S it registers Greeces highest mean maximum summer temperatures for the period 1955-1997. On 26 June 2007, the H.N.M.S climatological station of Filadelfeia recorded 46.2 &deg;C, with the H.N.M.S. weather station nearby recording 47.5 &deg;C on the same day. For the 1987-2016 period, the mean maximum July temperature for Nea Filadelfeia stands at 34.8 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Elena Nathanael, Greek actress</p><br>
<p>Ange Postecoglou, coach of the Australian national football team</p><br>
<p>Dan yr Ogof, located at the National Showcaves Centre for Wales, is a 17 km long cave system in south Wales,about 5 mi north of Ystradgynlais and 15 mi southwest of Brecon, in the Brecon Beacons National Park. It is the main feature of a show cave complex, which is claimed to be the largest in the UK and is one of the major tourist attractions in Wales. The first section of the cave system is open to the public, but the extensive cave system beyond is scheduled as a national nature reserve and is open only to bona fide cavers.</p><br>
<p>The bones of some 42 humans, as well as numerous animal bones, have been found in one of the nearby chambers of this cave system. In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, Dan yr Ogof was named as the greatest natural wonder in Britain.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration</h2><br>
<p>The cave was first explored in 1912 by three local brothers, Edwin, Tommy and Jeff Morgan, using candles and primitive equipment. Completely unsure of what they would discover, they armed themselves with a revolver. Edwin was the first to enter, as he was the smallest of the Morgan brothers. Initial expedition was halted at a large lake, which they later managed to cross by coracle. They eventually crossed three more lakes in the same manner, but were stopped by a tight crawl.</p><br>
<p>This squeeze, known as the Long Crawl, was first passed by Eileen Davies, a member of Swansea University Caving Club in 1963, although it is claimed that it was first passed by Peter Ogden of the same Club in the October before. The initials PO were found by Eileen Davies at the pitch to Gerard Platten Hall. Peter Ogden had not descended the pitch due to a period of bad weather. Exploration has been steadily continued by later cavers who have extended the cave to its present 17 km length. Some of this length was reached by cave diving. One of these explorers was Martyn Farr, who wrote a book about the system in which he claims that the system will eventually be extended to at least 150 km.</p><br>
<h2>Filming location</h2><br>
<p>The cave was used as a filming location for the Doctor Who serial The Pirate Planet.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival church building was designed by E. Townsend Mix, a noted Milwaukee architect, and constructed as Olivet Congregational Church in 1868. The building was sold to the Episcopal diocese in 1871 when the Olivet congregation faced bankruptcy, and was consecrated as a cathedral in 1898. Incense was first used at All Saints Cathedral on Epiphany, 1902.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral complex, which includes the church, an attached guild hall and nearby bishop&#39;s manse, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Milwaukee City Landmark in 1973. The tower and steeple, approximately 200 feet tall, houses a bronze bell cast in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1867 one year before the church was built. It measures almost 40 inches in diameter at the mouth, weighs approximately 1,200 pounds and is tuned to an A. Currently, the cathedral is raising money to hang an additional five bells, tuned to F, E-flat, D, C, and B-flat. All bells will be rung by a computerized external striker, and the pre-existing bell can also be swung to ring it. Since renovation in the 1950s the steeple cross is mounted out-of-line with the facade, slightly angled towards Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In the liturgical "east end" of the sanctuary, elevated on a triple-step dais of white marble, stands the high altar and triptych presented as a memorial gift to the cathedral in 1922. The Sienna marble altar and triptych was designed and built by Eugene W. Mason, Jr. of New York City, and is of Italian Gothic styling. Embossed in the bronze door of the tabernacle is the "Agnus Dei," the Lamb of God, signifying the sacrificial nature of the Eucharist. The figures on the predella (just below the center panel) are from the left: Saints Thomas Becket, Joan of Arc, St. Mary the Virgin, Francis of Assisi, and Demetrius of Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>Most of the stained glass windows in the cathedral were designed and produced in England, most by Lavers and Westlake of London. A large rondel window of Christ the King was made by Heaton, Butler, and Bayne, also of London.</p><br>
<p>Today&#39;s church features a liturgy in the Anglo-Catholic tradition. The congregation is small, including only around 250 members.</p><br>
<p>Alejandro Selkirk Island , previously known as Más Afuera ) and renamed after the marooned sailor Alexander Selkirk, is the largest and most westerly island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago of the Valparaíso Region of Chile. It is situated 180 km west of Robinson Crusoe Island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island measures 11 km north–south and 6 km east–west, and has an area of 49.5 km&sup2;. It is densely wooded and very mountainous and is marked by ridges and numerous deep ravines lead to a steep, rugged coast on the east side of the island off which are tremendous depths. The coastal cliffs are up to 1,000 m high. The south, west and north sides of the island have sandy strips of beach which extend 161 m offshore in places. The highest peak, Cerro de Los Innocentes, rises to 1,650 m in the southwest part of Alejandro Selkirk Island, where there is also a prominent rock with a hole through it.</p><br>
<p>Landing is possible near the center of the east shore at Quebrada Sánchez (Sánchez Ravine), and at the foot of Quebrada Las Casas (La Casas Ravine) 33&deg;45&prime;S latitude, 80&deg;43&prime;W longitude), where there is a boat slip and buildings of the former penal colony. Anchorage can be taken about 0.3 mi east-northeast of Quebrada Sánchez (33&deg;43&prime;S latitude, 80&deg;44&prime;W longitude), in depths of 40.2 m to 49.4 m. The ravine is recognized by a white patch on a hill near it. Anchorage can also be taken, in depths of 31.1 m to 50 m, with sand bottom, off Rada de la Colonia.</p><br>
<p>Dating of rocks on the island show that it is the youngest of the Juan Fernández Islands at an age of 1 – 2 million years old. Due to its young age, the island shows little evidence of erosion. According to some early reports, now disputed, about 59 km southwest of the island is the submerged Sefton Reef (36&deg;43&prime;S latitude, 83&deg;15&prime;W longitude), almost reaching sea level, and 47 km to northwest, Yosemite Rock (32&deg;04&prime;S latitude, 83&deg;14&prime;W longitude). Podesta Island, once reported to lay farther to the west, is a phantom island.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Alejandro Selkirk has a subtropical climate, moderated by the cold Humboldt Current and the southeast trade winds. Temperatures range from 3 &deg;C to 34 &deg;C, with an annual mean of 15.4 &deg;C. Higher elevations are generally cooler. Average annual precipitation is 1,081 mm, varying from 318 mm to 1,698 mm year to year. Rainfall is higher in the winter months, and varies with elevation and exposure; elevations above 500 m experience almost daily rainfall.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Juan Fernández fur seal is known to have existed during the late 17th century on the island with the population of the seals on Alejandro Selkirk Island and Robinson Crusoe Island believed to be in excess of four million by the late 17th century. A census of 1797 estimated a population 2 – 3 million fur seals. The species was hunted to near extinction by the 19th century and was thought to be extinct for 100 years until 200 were found on the island in 1965. Since then, the population has grown steadily at 15% to 20% every year. The Masafuera rayadito is endemic to Alejandro Selkirk and one of the rarest South American birds with only 140 individuals left. The Alejandro Selkirk firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi an endemic subspecies of the Juan Fernández firecrown became extinct in 1908 by feral goats and other introduced animals.</p><br>
<p>The flora on the island is in the Fernandezian Region Floristic Region, in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, but often also included within the Neotropical Kingdom. Endemic plant families include Lactoridaceae, with endemic plant genera also found.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Throughout much of its history, the island has been uninhabited. There was formerly a penal settlement along the middle of the east coast, at 33&deg;45&prime;49&Prime;S latitude, 80&deg;45&prime;27&Prime;W longitude. About 20 buildings can be made out on detailed satellite images. The settlement was operative from 1909. It initially housed 190 criminals, while there were as many as 160 political prisoners from 1927 to 1930. The penal colony was abandoned in 1930. Recently, the island has seen regular settlement, with 57 people living on the island as of the 2012 census.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 the Chilean government renamed Isla Más Afuera as Alejandro Selkirk Island, with Isla Más a Tierra becoming Robinson Crusoe Island. Alexander Selkirk was a Scottish sailor who was marooned as a castaway on Más a Tierra (then uninhabited) from 1704 to 1709. His story of survival likely inspired the 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The author Jonathan Franzen wrote an essay in The New Yorker about his brief stay on the island while mourning the suicide of his friend and fellow author David Foster Wallace, some of whose ashes Franzen scattered on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Onon  is a river in Mongolia and Russia. It is 818 km long and drains an area of 94,010 km². It originates at the eastern slope of the Khentii Mountains. For 298 km it flows within Mongolia. It joins with Ingoda River to produce the Shilka River.</p><br>
<p>The Onon&mdash;Shilka&mdash;Amur water system is one of the world&#39;s ten longest rivers, measuring 818 km + 560 km + 2,874 km.</p><br>
<h2>In history</h2><br>
<p>The upper Onon is one of the areas that are claimed to be the place where Genghis Khan was born and grew up.</p><br>
<p>The Secret History of the Mongols begins thus: “There came into the world a "Borte Chono" (blue-gray wolf) whose destiny was Heaven’s will. His wife was a "Gua Maral" (beauty fallow doe). They traveled across the inland sea and when they were camped near the source of the Onon River in sight of Burkhan Khaldun and their first son was born, named Bat Tsagaan.”</p><br>
<p>Buckle Island is one of the three main islands in the uninhabited Balleny Islands group located in the Southern Ocean. It lies 25 km north-west of Sturge Island and 8 km south-east of Young Island, some 110 km north-north-east of Belousov Point on the Antarctic mainland. The island forms some parts of the Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island is roughly triangular in shape, with long east and west coasts and a short north coast. It is about 3 nmi wide in the north, with a maximum length of 13 nmi. It is of volcanic origin, and is still volcanically active, the last eruption being in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The northernmost point is Cape Cornish. Several small islets also lie in the channel separating Cape Cornish and Young Island, the largest of which is Borradaile Island. Several small islets lie off the island&#39;s southern extremity, Cape McNab, including Sabrina Islet and the 80 m tall stack of The Monolith. Both Buckle Island and Sabrina Islet are home to colonies of Adelie and chinstrap penguins.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Escorial is a stratovolcano at the border of Argentina and Chile. It is part of the Corrida de Cori volcanic group and its youngest member. A well-preserved 1 km crater forms its summit area. Lava flows are found on the Chilean and smaller ones on the Argentinian side, the former reaching as far as 3 - from the volcano. One of these is dated 342,000 years ago by argon-argon dating.</p><br>
<p>A Plinian eruption on Escorial was the source of the dacitic Escorial ignimbrite. Pulsed changes in the magma supply during the eruption generated a radial ignimbrite structure which was deposited in various flows. The source magma underwent significant crustal contamination and contains quartz veins, indicating that the ignimbrite interacted with a buried hydrothermal system. Lithic clasts including basement material are also present. The ignimbrite has a volume of about 0.6 km3 and was erupted 460,000±10,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>A sulfur mine lies 4 km southwest of Escorial. Mining ceased about 1983.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Tuzgle is a dormant stratovolcano in the Susques Department of Jujuy Province in Argentina. Tuzgle is a prominent volcano of the back-arc of the Andes and lies about 280 km east of the main volcanic arc. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it is 5,486 m high above sea level and was constructed during different stages over a caldera and lava domes. Some major lava flows emanate from the summit crater, and one confirmed and one possible flank collapse unit as well as an ignimbrite sheet are associated with this volcano.</p><br>
<p>The first volcanic activity of Tuzgle occurred 650,000 years ago and formed the Tuzgle Ignimbrite. Subsequently, lava domes were erupted and three lava flow units were named San Antonio, Azufre, and Tuzgle. The latest lava flows are dated at 17.5 and 1.5 Ma and volcanic activity may have continued into the Holocene. Several thermal springs are associated with the volcano, and some have been investigated for possible geothermal energy production. Sulfur was formerly mined on the mountain. Argentina&#39;s National Route 40 runs along the foot of the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<h3>Regional setting</h3><br>
<p>Volcanic activity as well as general tectonism in the Central Andes is caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate at a horizontal pace of 10 cm/yr or 65 mm/yr forming the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) between latitude 16 and 28° south. Starting with activity in the Coastal Cordillera during the Jurassic (La Negra formation), this has caused spatially complex patterns of volcanic activity as well as the formation of the Altiplano-Puna highland with dimensions of 3,000 x. Maximum deformation occurred during the late Miocene, with the formation of tectonic highs and lows. Small andesitic-basaltic volcanic centres of Quaternary age are associated with faulting. Seismic activity is still ongoing at the edge of the Puna, indicating thrusting. The crust beneath the CVZ is 70 km thick.</p><br>
<p>A steepening of the subduction zone during the Late Miocene has been linked to an increase in volcanic activity and its westward migration, but it is unlikely that the pattern of activity in the southern Puna next to the Toro fault zone can be explained through this alone. A large low velocity and low seismic attenuation anomaly is found between 20 and 24° latitude south. Some geologic evidence, including geochemistry and geographic indicators, imply that lithospheric detachment did occur beneath the southern Puna.</p><br>
<p>Several major fault zones run across the Puna in the area, the most important being the Toro lineament to the south of Tuzgle. On this lineament, which has been subject to left-lateral displacement, are aligned several Pleistocene volcanoes, including Cordon Puntas Negras, Rincon, Tul Tul-Del Medio-Pocitos, Quevar, and Tastil (from north to south) (as well as the Negra Muerta volcanic complex). A segment named the Chorrillos fault is located directly south of Tuzgle. The segment of the Toro fault closest to Tuzgle has been active recently. Based on displacements along two monogenetic volcanoes, slip rates of 0.08 - have been estimated. The shoshonitic San Geronimo and Negro de Chorillos scoria cones and lava flows, as well as Antuco hot springs and travertine deposits (24&deg;10&prime;S latitude, 66&deg;40&prime;W longitude), are also linked to the Toro fault zone and thermal waters flowing along it. Volcanic activity in the area occurred during two separate phases, the first one between 17.15 mya and 5.3 mya that generated a large number of volcanic centres, with a much more limited phase of activity since 1.5 mya associated with the Diaguita phase of Andean deformation.</p><br>
<h3>Local setting</h3><br>
<p>Tuzgle is a dormant stratovolcano in the Susques Department of Jujuy Province in Argentina. It is a prominent back-arc volcanic centre in the Andes located about 280 km east of the main volcanic arc. Cerro Tuzgle lies within a geological depression in the Puna bordered by normal faults. The depression dates back to the Ordovician and slopes northward from 4,400 m altitude on the southern side to 4,100 m altitude on the northern side. A low gravity field anomaly is also found in the area. The basement consists of fractured rocks of Precambrian-Ordovician age, known as the Puncoviscana Formation and Faja Eruptiva, respectively, overlain with an impermeable Cretaceous unit named the Pirgua Formation. Volcanism in the area has existed since the Miocene, involving lava domes, ignimbrite eruptions (the 0.6mya Tuzgle ignimbrite) and monogenetic volcanism. Volcanoes located south of Tuzgle are Aguas Calientes, Negro de Chorrillos and San Jeronimo. This region belongs to the back-arc region of the Andes, and the formation of melts is dependent on the melting of a heated mantle, whereas melt generation under the arc proper is dependent on the interaction between fluids and mantle rocks, leading to a reduction in their melting point. There is tomographic evidence that lithospheric delamination is currently underway beneath Tuzgle.</p><br>
<p>The highest unit of the Cerro Tuzgle volcano is the "Platform" unit, which covers a surface area of 0.5 km&sup2; and is capped off by a well-preserved summit crater. It consists of well-preserved blocky lava flows with maximum thicknesses of 30 m. These are the youngest stages of Tuzgle volcanism and are well preserved. Radiating away from the central summit of the volcano, another lava flow unit forms the so-called Azufre synthem; these lava flows reach maximum thicknesses of 15 m and are gray to brownish-red with some evidence of hydrothermal alteration. On the northwestern and southern flanks, lava emission from one emission area down steep slopes form the San Antonio synthem (unconformity bounded unit), with lava flows up to 30 m thick. These San Antonio stage lavas have been cut by a 1.25 km long fault scarp trending NNE-SSW that may have been formed by a mass failure of the Tuzgle edifice, which was then rebuilt by the Azufre stage lavas. On the northern flank is found a volcaniclastic fan with a surface area of 12 km&sup2, a volume of 0.5 km3 and thicknesses of 30 -, presumably, considering its geochemical composition, formed by a mass failure of the San Antonio stage edifice. The scarp was probably formed by the same event but was not accompanied by explosive activity or a pyroclastic flow. This flank collapse may have been triggered by magma injection. A structure on the southern side of the volcano may also be a collapse scar, but no deposit is identifiable. A weakness zone running east-west cuts across the Tuzgle edifice, and some volcanic features are aligned along this weakness. A 5 km wide feeder dyke has been modelled and is associated with this weakness zone. The youngest- and best-exposed lava flow of Cerro Tuzgle originated in a group of three depressions bordered by 1 - scoria ridges. These depressions, presumably eruption fissures, are arranged in en echelon order. This youngest lava flow has a structure between block lava and aa lava. In non-volcanic terms patterned ground is found resulting from pre-glacial processes.</p><br>
<p>Tuzgle is underpinned by a plateau formed by mostly unwelded ignimbrites, while the so-called "Pre-platform", "Platform", "Post-platform" and "Young Flow" units make up the central volcano. The moderately crystal-rich ignimbrite has a volume of 0.5 km3 and is 80 m thick, and was presumably emitted from a caldera now buried by the Cerro Tuzgle edifice. Circular lava domes (50 m thick at a maximum) are found in the southeastern, eastern and northern sector of the volcano and may have formed along ring dykes associated with the caldera. A high electrical conductivity zone beneath Tuzgle may constitute a magma chamber embedded within porous material containing saline fluids with the bottom at a depth of at least 22 km and the top at a depth of 8 km. Crustal silicic magmas gave rise to ignimbrites from depths of 15 -. The magma chamber appears to be placed next to a crustal decollement at 20 km. Thermobarometric data also indicate a magma origin depth of 10 -. Beneath Tuzgle, a high seismic attenuation plume rises from an earthquake cluster at 200 km depth up to the volcano and is probably linked to asthenospheric upwelling.</p><br>
<p>In the ground beneath Tuzgle, seismic tomography has found a 18 km thick layer of low velocity, probably linked to a lower density of the rock, at a depth of 40 km. Magnetotelluric analysis has found several deep (1 -) conductive layers and one shallow one, possibly formed by the aquifers in the area. Another high conductivity body southeast of Tuzgle is associated with the Toro lineament and the Queva volcano and may also be hydrothermal in origin.</p><br>
<h3>Composition and origin</h3><br>
<p>The Tuzgle volcano proper is constructed from an older rhyodacite-mafic series and a more recent series constructed from andesites alone. These and neighbouring shoshonitic centres are formed from magmas with crustal contamination. Isotope analysis of magmatic rocks have shown La/Nb ratios of 1.31.6 and Ba/Ta ratios of 160260, lower than in the main volcanic front. The overall chemical composition is potassium-rich calc-alkaline. Thermobarometry indicates that the older magmas crystallized at pressures of 0.25 - while younger ones crystallized at 0.5 - and temperatures of about 760 &deg;C. These magma compositions indicate that the magmas are the result of complex mixing processes and also involve the transitional nature of the mantle beneath Tuzgle, where the more northern steep slab encounters the shallower southern subducting slab. Crystal fractionation and melting of upper crustal rocks further complicate the pattern. The lava domes which were erupted from the ground after the Tuzgle ignimbrite have volumes of 3.5 km3, while the Platform and subsequent units have volumes of 0.5 km3. The lava domes and San Antonio lava flows have porphyritic surfaces. San Antonio lavas contain large plagioclase xenocrystals and xenoliths. The ignimbrite contains Ordovician lithic fragments and 1020% pumice. Its eruption was presumably linked to high mantle melt rates; the resulting mafic magmas induced the generation of large amounts of silicic melts. Lower mantle melt rates would form mafic melts that incorporate silicic melts before erupting.</p><br>
<h3>Activity</h3><br>
<p>The oldest activity is an ignimbrite erupted 0.65 ± 0.18 mya, called the Tuzgle ignimbrite. On the rim of the caldera left by this eruption is a lava dome complex named the Old Complex Unit. 0.3 ± 0.1 mya ago effusive activity commenced with the Pre-platform and Platform units that were then followed by a tectonic event that dissected these units. Afterwards, the Post-platform and Young Flow Units were erupted. The youngest unit is latitic and was dated 0.1 ± (0.1-0.3) mya ago. This unit may be Holocene or PleistoceneHolocene in age. It is possible that the continuing activity of the Chorrillos fault zone is compressing the magma chamber and feeder dyke of Tuzgle, thus impeding eruptive activity. The well-preserved summit crater and youthful-looking lava flows have been assigned Holocene ages.</p><br>
<h3>Geothermal area and sulfur</h3><br>
<p>The area around Cerro Tuzgle has a high geothermal gradient of 0.4 &deg;C, and geothermal studies indicate temperatures of over 400 &deg;C at depth. Hot springs (with temperatures around 57 &deg;C) are also found in the area. The Miocene ignimbritic Trinchera formation may be a geothermal reservoir and the later MiocenePliocene sedimentary Pastos Chicos Formation a seal above it. This geothermal reservoir is 50 - deep beneath the earth and 100 - thick. A deeper reservoir is also presumed to exist at a depth of 2 -. Selected hot springs include TuzgleAgua Caliente (40 -, 24&deg;01&prime;44.46&Prime;S latitude, 66&deg;31&prime;24.42&Prime;W longitude), Las Minas (21 &deg;C) Pompeya (24&deg;14&prime;48.12&Prime;S latitude, 66&deg;21&prime;45.3&Prime;W longitude), Mina Betty (24&deg;06&prime;31.26&Prime;S latitude, 66&deg;27&prime;28.92&Prime;W longitude) and Tocomar (24&deg;11&prime;18.9&Prime;S latitude, 66&deg;33&prime;11.76&Prime;W longitude). The water enters the geothermal system in ridges above 4,500 m altitude which are not covered by impermeable layers. Two maars have been found in the Tocomar area. Further, the Antuco travertine and hot springs may be associated with heat flow from the Tuzgle volcanic system.</p><br>
<p>The Tuzgle area has been identified as a possible site for geothermal energy production in Argentina with an energy potential of &lt;0.1 MW. These were explored in the 1980s and 1990s, yielding evidence of temperatures 133 -. In 2015 a company named Geotermina Andina had six concessions in the area for geothermal drilling. The location of a main power line between Chile and Argentina close to Tuzgle may assist in power generation, and some hot springs could be exploited for tourism.</p><br>
<p>Sulfur deposits generated from hydrothermal alteration are found on Cerro Tuzgle. They are mostly associated with the Azufre synthem and were previously mined on the southern, eastern and western flanks of the volcano. The mines are now abandoned. Arsenic is also found in the groundwater and presumably comes from Tuzgle.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The climate of the Puna is arid, with most precipitation originating in the Amazon basin. During the Last Glacial Maximum, a humid period occurred (possibly directed by orbital changes and monsoon activity), whereas preceding glacial periods were associated with dry phases in travertine deposits at Antuco. Temperatures are usually less than 5 &deg;C in the Puna with extremes of 16 -. Winds usually blow from the west in the dry winter season, with wetter easterly winds arriving during summer. Precipitation in San Antonio de los Cobres (24&deg;13&prime;32&Prime;S latitude, 66&deg;19&prime;9&Prime;W longitude) southeast of Tuzgle amounts to 100 mm/yr.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation is largely missing from the Puna plateau in the area of Tuzgle, which has facilitated the mapping of lava flows from Cerro Tuzgle. A steppe-like vegetation dominated by herbs grows on the slopes of Tuzgle, containing taxa like Festuca, Poa and Stipa as elsewhere on the Puna.</p><br>
<p>Copahue is a stratovolcano in the Andes on the border of Bío Bío Region, Chile and Neuquén Province, Argentina. There are nine volcanic craters along a 2 km line, the easternmost of which is historically the most active, and contains a 300 m  wide crater lake with a pH ranging between 0.18 and 0.30. Eruptions from this crater lake have ejected pyroclastic rocks and chilled liquid sulfur fragments. Although the lake emptied during the 2000 eruption, it later returned to its previous levels. Copahue means "sulphur waters" in Mapuche.</p><br>
<p>Copahue sits on a basement of sedimentary and volcanic rocks ranging in age from Eocene to Pliocene. The modern volcano sits in a volcanically active area, with a caldera from the Pliocene, measuring 20 km by 15 km, lying to the east of Copahue. The modern volcano became active roughly 1.2 million years ago (Ma). The modern caldera formed 0.6 to 0.4 Ma, and produced large pyroclastic flows, extending up to 37 km from the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The modern structure is an elongated shield volcano, with a maximum thickness of 22 km and a minimum of 8 km. On 27 May 2013, it was reported that a red alert had been issued and the evacuation of around 2,000 people was to begin.</p><br>
<p>Cordón del Azufre is a small, inactive complex volcano located in the Central Andes, at the border of Argentina and Chile. The centre contains a series of craters and lava flows covering a surface area of 60 km&sup2;. A western component with four craters aligned in a north–south direction on a 5 km ridge forms the oldest part. The eastern component is formed by lava flows and craters in Argentina, and the youngest part la Moyra volcano in the western component generated a lava flow that advanced 6 km westwards. Weakly porphyritic Andesite and dacite form the rocks of the volcano. No activity, including fumarolic activity, has been recorded at Cordón del Azufre, but the appearance  and radiometric age  of the lava flows suggest a recent age.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic context</h2><br>
<p>It is located 300 km east of the Chile Trench within the Puna where the volcanic arc intersects a probably deep seated structural area named the Archibarca corridor. Since the Eocene, underlying convergence and subduction of the Nazca plate at a speed of 6 - result in the volcanic activity of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), the activity of fault zones and active deformation south of 23° S. Several large calderas lie in the CVZ, some of which (Galan, La Pacana) have erupted volumes of over 1,000 km3. The area is uninhabited and remote.</p><br>
<h2>Ground deformation</h2><br>
<p>Observations of this volcano and neighbouring Lastarria indicate that they are part of an actively deforming system, named by Pritchard and Simons (2002) the Lazufre system with an axis length of 70 km. The modelled centre of deformation is closer to Azufre than Lastarria. Sometimes Cerro Bayo Gorbea is also associated to this complex. This inflation started in the late 1990s and is probably due to the accumulation of volcanic fluids (hydrothermal or magmatic) beneath the volcanic system. The precise date when the uplift started is unclear, because satellite observation of the area is scarce. The start of the uplift may be related to an earthquake in Chile in 1998, but this is questionable. Aftershocks of the 1995 Antofagasta earthquake may be responsible instead. Between 1998 and 2000 the long axis of deformation amounted to 35 km, with a later increase to 50 km. In 2008 the area had already reached a diameter of 45 km and surface area of 1,100 km&sup2;. In 2015 deformation was observed over a surface of 2,000 km&sup2, at depths 2 - and with speeds of 3 cm/yr until 2010. This uncertainty is largely because estimates trade off between depth, pressure and shape of the deformation. Research in 2016 indicated that the uplift dome has a diameter of 60 -. Since 2005 uplift speeds of 3.5 cm/yr have been observed with InSAR and a magma flux rate of 14,000,000 - has been inferred. Other research has indicated an inflation rate of 12,500,000 -, comparable with other plutons in the area. One estimate in 2009 indicated a depth 12 -. Another estimate in 2016 indicated a chamber depth of 18 km.</p><br>
<p>Research in 2009 indicated that the deforming area has increased by about 8 km/yr laterally and covered almost 800 km&sup2; (area uplifted by 1 cm or more). The researchers concluded that sill fluid dynamics may explain the pattern of uplift and growth in the uplifting area but without major changes in the magma flux rate. Other data indicate that no lateral expansion may be taking place. A study in 2014 indicated that the source of the deformation is most likely elliptical and has a volume of 400 km3. The deformation pattern may be controlled by local tectonic stress patterns. There are several Pleistocene volcanoes around the uplift region, which may be supplied from the sill.</p><br>
<p>This deformation system is among the largest on Earth. It has been compared to deformation occurring at Uturuncu volcano, but the deformation source beneath Lazufre has not been imaged due to resolution limitations. The size of the deformation area is comparable with the size of calderas such as Long Valley and Yellowstone. Likewise, such deformation patterns are mainly found in active caldera systems and in the case of Lazufre may be caused by the refilling of a magma chamber. The hydrothermal system of Lastarria may be influenced by the uplift, but it&#39;s not likely that hydrothermal effects are responsible for the Lazufre deformation. It is not clear whether this deformation is a signal of a future volcanic eruption, but monitoring has been recommended as it may be at risk of a major silicic eruption. Research published in 2016 indicated that the uplift has been ongoing since at least 400,000 years, based on the deformation of lava flows and volcanoes erupted within this time period. Depending on the highly uncertain estimates for the volume of the magma chamber, a modest overpressue may be sufficient to cause the roof of the chamber to fail and an eruption to start.</p><br>
<p>The Huanquihue Group is a group of young basaltic stratovolcanoes in Argentina near the border with Chile, south of Lanín volcano. The Huanquihue group is located south of Epulafquén Lake, north of Lolog Lake and west of Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault in Chile. Volcanism is associated with the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault.</p><br>
<p>Huanquihue volcano itself is eroded, but El Escorial cinder cone has been active in the Holocene. One of its tephras overlies an older formation that was erupted 1400 BP. Lavas from this cone form a peninsula in Lake Epulafquen and modified the local hydrography. Another cinder cone La Angostura formed a peninsula separating the lakes Epulafquen and Huechulafquen. This cone has three craters.</p><br>
<p>A tephra layer of black trachyandesite has been linked to Huanquihue and is dated 4028-4212 BP. Varve count dating has indicated that tephras in Lake Villarrica and Lake Calafquen erupted presumably in 1591 are compositionally similar to Huanquihue scorias. A VEI-3 eruption of basaltic trachyandesite has been dated at that year. Oral tradition reports the occurrence of an eruption at the end of the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The Saltee Islands  are a pair of small islands lying 5 kilometres off the southern coast of County Wexford in Ireland. The two islands are Great Saltee  and Little Saltee . They have been more of less unoccupied since the early 20th century. Both have been privately owned by the Neale family since 1943. Together the islands cover an area of 1.2 square kilometers.</p><br>
<h2>Protected status</h2><br>
<p>The islands are a breeding ground for fulmar, gannet, shag, kittiwake, guillemot, razorbill, puffin and grey seal. An area surrounding both islands and extending approximately 500m off shore was granted the status of a Special Protection Area to protect the bird habitat. The islands are also at the center of a related Special Area of Conservation named after them, extending to the mainland coastline east of Kilmore Quay. The conservation area specifically addresses: the mud and sand flats on the mainland coastline as well as those surrounding the mainland facing sides of Little Saltee; large shallow inlets and bays to the west of an imaginary line joining Kilmore Quay and Great Saltee; reefs throughout the entire area; the vegetated sea cliffs which surround both islands; sea caves along the south coast of Great Saltee and the entire area as a grey seal habitat with specific reference to both islands as important sites, including for breeding, along with some areas further out also of interest as moult and resting haul-out sites.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands are based on Pre-Cambrian bedrock between 600 million and 2 billion years old. The highest point in the Saltees is South Summit on Great Saltee at 198 feet (60 metres). The waters around the islands can be treacherous, hence the area is known as the "Graveyard of a Thousand Ships and the islands their tombstones".</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Saltee Islands are the setting for Eoin Colfer&#39;s book Airman as a powerful sovereign state based around diamond industry. However, the book is a work of fiction and no significant natural resources have been found.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Catalina Mountains, commonly referred to as the Catalina Mountains or the Catalinas, are north and northeast of Tucson in Arizona, United States, on Tucson&#39;s north perimeter. The mountain range is the most prominent in the Tucson area, with the highest average elevation. The highest point in the Catalinas is Mount Lemmon at an elevation of 9,157 ft above sea level and receives 180 in of snow annually.</p><br>
<p>Originally known by the Tohono Oodham Nation as Babad Doag, the Catalinas were later named in 1697 by Italian Jesuit priest Eusebio Francisco Kino in honor of St. Catherine who was the patron saint of Kino&#39;s oldest sister.</p><br>
<p>The Catalinas are part of the Santa Catalina Ranger District located in the Coronado National Forest, and also include the Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area. The mountain range is considered a prominent range in the Madrean sky islands, and partially delimits the mountain ranges in the northwest of the sky island region; lower elevation bajadas associated with the Santa Cruz River Valley spread northwestwards towards Phoenix.</p><br>
<p>Catalina Sky Survey (CSS), on Mt. Lemmon, is a project to discover comets and asteroids, and to search for near-Earth objects (NEOs). More specifically, CSS is to search for any potentially hazardous asteroids that may pose a threat of impact. Its southern hemisphere counterpart, the Siding Spring Survey (SSS) was closed in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Catalinas are a significant focus of recreational activity, with areas such as Sabino Canyon providing streams and perennial pools for visitors, by road access; Sabino Canyon is also a dayhiking access point. Catalina State Park in the western foothills of the Catalinas attracts visitors for its hiking opportunities and permanent pools in Romero Canyon. The village of Summerhaven on Mount Lemmon serves as a popular summer retreat from the heat of Arizona&#39;s lower deserts. Mount Lemmon Ski Valley is also notable as it is the southernmost ski destination in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Other mountain ranges surrounding the Santa Cruz Valley include the Santa Rita Mountains, the Rincon Mountains, the Tucson Mountains, and the Tortolita Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Catalinas were originally named the "Sierra de las Santa Catarina" as depicted on a German map from 1875 and prior maps dating back to 1864. A successive map from 1890 still referred to the Catalinas as the "Santa Catarina Mountains." However, a map from 1895 depicted the range with the name "Santa Catalina." Various maps during the 1880s and 1890s referred to the range as either "Santa Catarina" or "Santa Catalina." However, by 1902 the range was officially designated the "Santa Catalina Mountains," as the General Land Office established the Santa Catalina Forest Reserve that year, encompassing 155,520 acres (later to become the Santa Catalina National Forest.) As such, the name of the range apparently morphed into the current "Santa Catalina Mountains" sometime between 1890 and 1902, but each previous version of the name always referred to the namesake St. Catherine.</p><br>
<h2>National Forest</h2><br>
<p>Following the Gadsden Purchase, Americans increasingly moved into the Arizona Territory and focused on the Catalinas in search of gold, silver, and copper beginning in the 1850s. By the late 1880s, residents of southern Arizona desired protection for the Catalinas, and the USA Congress authorized the President to designate specific lands around the USA to be removed from the public domain under the Forest Reserve Act of 1891. As mentioned above, the Santa Catalina Forest Reserve was created on July 2, 1902, and after the National Forest Service was organized in 1905, the reserve became the Santa Catalina National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1908, it was combined with two other nearby national forests (Dragoon and Santa Rita) to create the present Coronado National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Notable sites and areas</h2><br>
<h3>Mountains and ridges</h3><br>
<p>Cathedral Rock</p><br>
<p>Mount Bigelow</p><br>
<p>Mount Kimball</p><br>
<p>Mount Lemmon: highest point</p><br>
<p>Pusch Ridge: westernmost point</p><br>
<p>Rattlesnake Peak</p><br>
<p>Table Mountain</p><br>
<p>Thimble Peak</p><br>
<p>Window Peak</p><br>
<h3>Canyons</h3><br>
<p>Bear Canyon</p><br>
<p>Box Camp Canyon</p><br>
<p>Canyon del Oro: north of Mount Lemmon</p><br>
<p>Esperero Canyon</p><br>
<p>Molino Canyon</p><br>
<p>Pima Canyon: southeast of Pusch Ridge</p><br>
<p>Romero Canyon: located in Catalina State Park</p><br>
<p>Sabino Canyon</p><br>
<p>Ventana Canyon</p><br>
<h3>Other</h3><br>
<p>Arizona Trail</p><br>
<p>Rose Canyon Lake</p><br>
<p>Catalina Highway</p><br>
<p>Catalina State Park</p><br>
<p>Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area</p><br>
<p>Redington Pass</p><br>
<p>Summerhaven</p><br>
<p>Tanque Verde Falls</p><br>
<p>Peppersauce Cave</p><br>
<h2>Miscellaneous facts</h2><br>
<p>Mount Lemmon is not the highest point in the Tucson area. Mount Wrightson in the nearby Santa Rita Mountains has an elevation of 9,453 feet (2,881 m).</p><br>
<p>It is the type locality of a species of Noctuidae or owlet moths (see List of butterflies and moths of Arizona)</p><br>
<p>Mount Lemmon is named after Sara Lemmon, a plant collector and the first white woman to ascend the peak in the 1870s. The plants she collected on the way were shipped to Asa Gray at Harvard.</p><br>
<p>Pine Forest Santa Catalina Mountains Arizona 2014.JPGPine forest in the Santa Catalina Mountains</p><br>
<p>SkyIslands from SantaCatalinaMtns.JPGView of "sky islands" from the Catalinas</p><br>
<p>Catalina hwy 062005.jpgCatalina Highway in the Santa Catalina Mountains</p><br>
<p>Oracle AZ Mt Lemmon.JPGSouthern view of Mt. Lemmon from Oracle, Arizona</p><br>
<p>Catalinastateparkbyandruvalpy.jpgNorthwestern view of the Catalina Mountains as seen from Catalina State Park in Oro Valley</p><br>
<p>Precarious pillar, Catalina hwy.jpgHitchcock Pinnacle, a hoodoo along Catalina Highway</p><br>
<p>Rose Canyon Lake.jpgRose Canyon Lake</p><br>
